Case Study on Nike - 1252 Words

Case Study Nike Introduction Good morning ladies and gentlemen and thank for taking the time to meet with us. Nike was founded on January 25, 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports by Bill Bowerman and Philip Knight. The company officially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1978. Nike has various products which include footwear as well as other apparel that compliment the former. This accounts for 92 percent of the company’s revenue. The other 8 percent comes from equipment and non Nike brand products, such as Cole Haan. When we were considering on whether it was more appropriate to use multiple cost of capitals for each segment we believe that they all mostly share similar risk factors. We therefore decided to calculate two different costs of capitals,†¦show more content†¦We took this data and ran regressions for each. We found that weekly gave us the most accurate beta under these conditions to use for CAPM. The beta that the regression gave us is .74 EXHIBIT 3. After choosing the beta, we wanted to use both a pproaches of CAPM to calculate the cost of equity and compare. When using the arithmetic approach, we found that the cost of equity is: 10.97%. When using the geometric approach we found that the cost of equity is: 9.78% EXHIBIT 8 PART 2. We also wanted to include in our analysis finding the cost of equity using the dividend growth model as well as the earnings of capitalization method. When using the dividend growth model we found that the cost of equity is: 6.64% EXHIBIT 9. The earnings of capitalization method gave us 5.51% EXHIBIT 10. Both of these methods DGM and ECM are irrelevant to our analysis of Nike for the reason that given the recent history of Nike we aren’t dealing with a stable better yet mature company, therefore the choosing of those methods would be inaccurate. Our Recommendation Given that we used an analytical approach to determine if Nike is undervalued or overvalued we wanted to assure our investors that we took diligent steps in determining this. As we mentioned earlier in the report we used two different methods to calculate the WACC. The geometric and the Arithmetic both were higher than Joanna’s but they still prove that the stock isShow MoreRelatedNike Case Study1004 Words   |  5 PagesRSS Case Study: E-recruitment gets Nike on track Posted by HR Zone in Strategies on Thu, 09/12/2004 - 16:54 0 inShare The Nike employer brand is extremely powerful in attracting potential talent to the business making the process of handling applications and supporting the resourcing process effectively and efficiently critical to business success; implementing e-recruitment was identified as the way to solve this businesses hiring problems. The issue Nike currently receives aroundRead MoreNike Case Study1112 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study- Nike 1. 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Company Overview: Nike Nike incorporated, the worlds leading designer and marketer of authentic athletic footwear, apparel, equipment, and accessories for a wide variety of sports and fitness activitiesRead MoreCase Study Nike765 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Amanda Merkatz Management 301-02 Case Study 11 11252895 1. How does Nike’s decision to retain an in-house arm of ad agency Wieden Kennedy exemplify the concept of organizational design? The decision to retain an in-house arm of ad agency exemplify the concept of organizational design, makes you look at how both companies interpret organizational design. Organizational design is the process of creating structures that accomplish the company’s missions and objectives. 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However, very soon Nike learnt that in order to be a global brand they needed to appeal to different market segments, not just athletes. Hence, they then decided to tap moreRead MoreNike Case Study899 Words   |  4 PagesCorporation Case Study: Nike What is it? NIKE, Inc. is the world’s leading innovator in athletic footwear, apparel, equipment and accessories. Before there was the Swoosh, before there was Nike, there were two visionary men who pioneered a revolution in athletic footwear that redefined the industry. Nike Employees Nike Employee Networks are designed to help Nike move toward greater diversity. In the U.S., six employee networks focus attention on important communities within Nike. The intendedRead MoreNike Case Study5183 Words   |  21 PagesNike Case Study The US-based Nike Corporation announced that it had generated profits of $97.4 million, around $48 million below its earlier forecast for the third quarter ended February 28, 2001. The company said that the failure in the supply chain software installation by i2 Technologies3 was the cause of this revenue shortfall. This admission of failure also affected the companys reputation as an innovative user of technology. The supply chain software implementation was the first part ofRead MoreNike Case Study1542 Words   |  7 Pagesin the stocks of Nike for the fund that she manages. †¢ Ford should base her decision on data on the company which were disclosed in the 2001 fiscal reports. While Nike management addressed several issues that are causing the decrease in market sales and prices of stocks, management presented its plans to improve and perform better. †¢ Third party sources also gave their opinions on whether the stock was a sound investment. WACC CALCULATION: Cost of Capital Calculations: Nike Inc Cohen calculatedRead MoreNike Case Study1219 Words   |  5 PagesCase Discussion Questions 1. Should Nike be held responsible for working conditions in foreign factories that it does not own, but where subcontractors make products for Nike? Some people probably think that designing and marketing its products is what Nike is responsible for. But outsourcing its manufacturing divisions into foreign countries doesn ´t release Nike from the responsibility. During a developing process manufacturing is one of the most important intermediate steps and because of

Education Is the Main Agent of Secondary Socialisation....

Secondary socialisation is an ongoing process which occurs when a child leaves a family environment and continues learning how to live as a member of society. There is always an influence to help carry out this process, this is known as an agent of socialisation. The perfect example of an agent of secondary socialisation is Education, more precisely, school. At school, the student continues learning that which they started learning at home. The aim of education is for the individual to learn how to behave in certain situations and places. One of the main aims of education in schools is the preparation for the world of work, one of the most predominant aspects of social life. Functionalists view the positive aspects when it comes to†¦show more content†¦This being done as a lesson for pupils to act in favour of the interests of society as a whole and also learning to exercise self-discipline in the process. Durkheim also claims that the students learn specific skills which are important for their future occupation, saying that this is important due to the increasing specialisation of labour. Durkheim is criticized for her descriptions of how schools act, with some researchers questioning this. David Hargreaves says that education in modern Britain fails to promote self-discipline. Bowles and Gintis, Marxist economists, do not agree with the Functionalists in their view that education is meritocratic. They believe that achievement can be influenced by the class background, citing this influence as the most important one, claiming that there is no such thing as equality. Despite education being open to all, they claim that some have more opportunities than others. Children who are of wealthier and more powerful backgrounds tend to have higher qualifications and more respectable jobs, without any reference to their abilities. Bowles and Gintis say that this is disguised by a myth of meritocracy done by the educational system. Those who do not have access to success do not blame the system which has forced them to fail, but blame themselves. Their views are criticised for claims regarding how the student’s personalities are shaped because of the school. No matter what kind ofShow MoreRelatedSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 Pages‘Classes in non-traditional family life proposed by government’, The Guardian, 12.05.00. Copyright  © Guardian News Media Ltd 2000; Will Woodward, ‘Testing †¦ testing †¦ testing’, The Guardian 20.05.00. Copyright  © Guardian News Media Ltd 2000; ‘Adoption boost for gay couples’, guardian.co.uk, 07.05.02. Copyright  © Guardian News Media Ltd 2002; and Anushka Asthana, ‘Religious schools â€Å"show bias for rich†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢: Middle class favoured, study shows: Faith schools deny selection claim’, The ObserverRead MoreStandardisation and Adaptation Within International Marketing Context24708 Words   |  99 PagesFurthermore, this research presents the factors that influence the company to adapt its marketing mix while maintain its standardisation strategy. Those factors are examined include political, economic, cultural, physical condition, technology, product life cycle, competitive factor, organisational factor, the nature of the product, and the target and positioning strategy. In facilitating the comprehension of the above task, Shiseido – a Japanese based cosmetic company in China and U.K. market are utilisedRead MoreSales and Marketing for Financial Institutions80443 Words   |  322 Pages6 TOPIC 7 TOPIC 8 TOPIC 9 INTRODUCTION DISCLAIMER These materials are issued by Kaplan Higher Education on the understanding that: 1. Kaplan Higher Education and individual contributors are not responsible for the results of any action taken on the basis of information in these materials, nor for any errors or omissions; and 2. Kaplan Higher Education and individual contributors expressly disclaim all and any liability to any person in respect of anything and of the consequencesRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 Pages Organisational Analysis: Notes and Essays Page i Page ii Please do not attempt to eat these notes. CONTENTS Introduction to the Workshop Topics And Themes The Nature and Scope of Organisation Theory Levels of Analysis The Metaphorical Approach Organising Processes Understanding Change Conflict, Negotiation, and the Politics of Change Group and Team Working Cultures and Leaders as Cultural Agents Trust Linking the Themes Introductory Notes on Organisational Analysis UnderstandingRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 PagesCASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend this linking of theory and practiceRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management72324 Words   |  290 PagesIntroduction What is Strategy? What is Strategic HRM? How is Strategic HRM Different from Other Aspects of HRM? How Does Research Show that Strategic HRM Adds Value to an Organisation? How Does Strategic HRM Support the Management of Change? Who Holds the Responsibility for Strategic HRM? When is it Appropriate to Create a Dedicated HR Function? Vertical Integration and Human Resources Strategy Introduction What are the Benefits of Vertical Integration? How do we Promote the Vertical Integration of Our HR

Why, according to Lee Kuan Yew, are Western democratic systems unsuited to East Asia Free Essays

Lee Kuan Yew, prime minister of Singapore between 1959 and 1990, and now Senior Minister of his country, commands much respect and influence in both the East and the West. This respect and influence reaches to the highest echelons of world leaders, to the vast multitude of academics, commentators and development strategists, and to the millions of people who live in East Asia. Regardless of whether or not this esteem is justified and deserved, ti is real, and therefore must be analysed, interpreted, criticised or praised while not forgetting the importance and effect his beliefs and proclamations have had, and will have. We will write a custom essay sample on Why, according to Lee Kuan Yew, are Western democratic systems unsuited to East Asia? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Any discussion of world politics, especially in East Asia, cannot ignore the hows, whys and wherefores of the current situation and the influence that current ideas and thought may have on the future. Lee’s views have undoubtedly shaped his own country, certainly have influenced other governments in the region, and will definitely bear their markon the short- to mid-term future of East Asian politics. This explains the reasons why this essay solely deals with him. The essay is divided into three main sections. Firstly, I will discuss Lee’s ideas and policies, and why he believes in an ‘Asian values’ view of the politics of the region. Secondly, I will explore some of the responses that have been made in opposition to his views, and thirdly, I will present some observations and conclusions of my own. These observations will draw on some other problems and inconsistencies with Lee’s ideas. Let us turn then to the man and his ideas. The central theme running through any study or discussion of his political ideas and actions is the importance that culture has on shaping the society and its structures. The shared history, traditions, make-up, worldview and social relationships are the key factors that determine how a state should be organised and governed. Thus, if the culture is different between two sets of peoples, then the resulting state structure and government type will also be different. Culture is the driver, the basis of society and the legitimacy used by those in power to decree what is best for their people. This viewpoint is often referred to as the ‘Asian values’ system (Ng, 1997, Theodore de Bary, 1999, Hague Harrop, 2001) and is summed up succinctly by the title of a famous interview with Lee which appeared in a 1994 edition of Foreign Affairs – ‘Culture is Destiny’ (Zakiria, 1994). The importance that Lee places on the cultural aspect of a society does not mean that what is right for his country is also right for other countries. Whilst consistently dismissing Western-, and in particular, US-style democratic systems as valid models for Singapore, he does not suggest that the US-style system is neccessarily wrong for the US. It is not my business to tell people what’s wrong with their system. It is my business to tell people not to foist their system indiscrimately on societies in which it will not work (Zakiria quoting Lee, 1994, p. 110). This can be seen as a statement recognising the particularity of political systems depending on the society / culture in question. Whilst Lee has been described as being authoritarian, semi-, or soft-authoritarian, he certainly doesn’t make claims for the world to be based on an Asian values system. It appears that his position is more concerned about keeping hold of power in Singapore rather than exporting it around the world. The main, fundamental as Lee calls it, cultural reason why Western democratic systems are unsuited to East Asia is the difference between the place and status of the individual in those societies. The fundamental difference between Western concepts of society and government and East Asian concepts†¦ is that Eastern societies believe that the individual exists in the context of his family. He is not pristine and separate. The family is part of the extended family, and the friends and the wider society. The ruler or government does not try to provide for a person what the family best provides (Zakiria quoting Lee, 1994, p. 113). This focus on the moral and virtuous notion of society is stongly linked to Confucianism, so often portrayed as being fundamentally East Asian and always compared with Western systems. Lee’s manifestation of this doctrine is used by him to legitimate and promote an East Asian society based on strong hierarchical structures to bring about social and political stability. In the East the main object is to have a well-ordered society so that everybody can have maximum enjoyment of his freedoms. This freedom can only exist in an ordered state and not in a natural state of contention and anarchy (Zakiria quoting Le, 1994, p. 111). These three main features of Lee’s take on East Asia’s political and social climate – culture, the place in society of the individual, and a well-ordered society – are admittedly affected and influenced by the West over time, and are not seen as developing without the impact of colonial rule and imperialism. †¦ ur Confucianism has been attenuated by 120 years of British rule and education in British and other English-speaking universities (IHT, 2001). But, despite this impact Lee steadfastly denies any further infusion of Western democracy into East Asia, especially Singapore. †¦ this doesn’t mean we are going to be like a Western society. The values are different (de Borch, 2001). L ee is not the torch-holder for everyone though. Whilst he receives praise from his counterparts around the world, there are many in the academic and development strategist world that strongly disagree with him. Of course, it is not just a simple case of disagreeing over a matter of opinion, there are many valid and strong arguments against Lee’s ideas. From this myriad of arguments, I have identified three main strands of contestation – historical arguments against Lee’s ‘Asian values’, the theoretical arguments concerning discussions of what democracy should be and how it should be followed in East Asia, and the problems and criticisms of the actually existing governing style of Lee. First then, arguments against Lee taken from history. There are two key aspects to this – the relevance of Confucianism to East Asia today, and evidence of a democratic tradition throughout East Asia’s past. Famously, Max Weber theorised about the particular contribution to advanced capitalism of the ‘Protestant ethic’. This, in turn, explained how other cultures, including Confucian cultures, were not suited to advanced capitalism. Clearly this can now be questionned, especially if, as many commentators have said, that East Asia is economically dynamic. If Confucianism explains the economic boom in East Asia today, does it not also explain that region’s stagnation for four centuries? Zakiria, 1994, p. 125). Kin Dae Jung, writing in response to the ‘Culture is Destiny’ interview, identifies a strong tradition and history of democratic ideals and institutions in East Asia’s past. This suggests that an argument could be made for ‘Asian values’ actually referring to a much more democratic system than the Confucian-based one that Lee propagates. A thorough anaylsis makes it clear that Asia has a rich heritage of democracy-oriented philosophies and traditions. Asia has already made great strides toward democratisation and possesses the necessary conditions to develop democracy even beyond the level of the West (Jung, 1994, p. 91). The second major criticism of Lee comes from studies of the theoretical nature of democracy and what it means, shuold mean, or can mean to East Asia. The basic premise is that why should democracy only be relevant to particular cultures and why should particular cultures have to follow other political paths? This highlights the argument for democracy’s universality. There is nothing special about torturing the Asian way†¦ human rights are human rights (Vatikiotis cited by Hague Harrop, 2001, p. 29). The rejection of Western-style democracy by East Asian leaders is also seen by some as merely an excuse for not moving beyond ‘soft-authoritarianism’ and into democracy. This is strongly tied up with the observation that this is simply the most effective way for leaders such as Lee to rule their countries. The biggest obstacle is not its cultural heritage but the resistance of authoritarian rulers and their apologists (Jung, 1994, p. 194). The third area of opposition to Lee’s ideas that can be identified is that of problems with the actually exisitng state and society structures and institutions. For some, just observing Lee’s form of rule is enough to reject his notions of what is the correct way to govern. These doubts stem chiefly from the Singapore government’s undeniably harsh treatment of the opposition, as evidenced in its most recent elections (Ng, 1997, p. 21) Also, there appears to be two threats to the whole ‘Asian values’ theory. Firstly, we have on the one hand Lee purporting to leave the individual’s private matters to the individual, whilst on the other it can be observed that his government is actually intruding into the private sphere more than ever (Jung, 1994, p. 90). Secondly, an external threat is apparent from the global spread of modernisation. †¦ as an inevitable consequence of industrialisation, the family-centred East Asian societies are also rapidly moving toward self-centred individualism. Nothing in human history is permanent (Jun, 1994, p. 21). In conclusion it must be said that Lee’s position in East Asia, and his reverance amongst Western opinion-formers should not distract us from dissecting and criticising his ideas. It is not good enough to assume that cultural traits should determine, worse still, justify the actions of governments, particularly Lee’s. There should be certain aspects to a government and society that are unacceptable no matter what setting. Lee makes much of the need for a ‘well-ordered’ society. The heavy-handed way this society is brought about blatantly contradicts Lee’s notions of freedom. He talks of East Asians being able to have â€Å"maximum enjoyment of his freedoms† but Lee’s notion of what is behaving and what is misbehaving sets a Singaporean’s realm of freedom for him. This is certainly not the freedom that John Stuart Mill wrote about. It could be argued that it is better to have a society that is not so ‘well-ordered’ but democratic, than it is to live in a society such as one that Lee envisages; faith must be placed with society to check its members’ activities rather than have all aspects of life limited by an all-seeing government. Lee’s ways may also only be suited to a small state such as Singapore. Even he admits that, within that small population, total control is practically impossible. This for me leads to the heart of the importance placed by Lee on ‘Asian values’ and why Western ideas of democracy are unsuited to East Asia. It is very hard to escape the conclusion that the justification of ‘Asian values’ is solely a political smokescreen to maintain power. It is even harder to escape this conclusion when the man himself proclaims: So when Americans tell me: you ought to govern in this way, I say thank you very much, I have listened to you very carefully, if I don’t think we are ready for that, I have to do it my way (IHT, 2001, my emphasis). How to cite Why, according to Lee Kuan Yew, are Western democratic systems unsuited to East Asia?, Papers

Organizational Citizenship Behaviors of Directors †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Citizenship Behaviors of Directors. Answer: Introduction: The structure of the business organizations have been transformed in past few years. The advancement of the technologies and competitive nature in the market has put significant impact on the organization and its strategies and policies. Business leaders have now a days designed the organizational strategies and structure employee centric, as they are aware of the fact that employees are the key strength of the business organizations on which the growth of the organization is highly dependent. The primary objective of the business organizations is to serve the society and target market with quality product and service, so employees plays major role in earning this goal. The organizational management now a days aims at shaping the behaviour of the employees as per the requirement of the organization (Yung Chou and Pearson 2012). The following report has articulated various aspects of the organizational behaviour and it has enlightened the aspect of human behaviour within the organization in recent time. Theories and Concept of Organizational Behaviour: There are various theories that have enlightened organizational behaviour and its various aspects of the organization behaviour, such as: This theory has concentrated on the fact that how the organization can perform in an efficient manner. The objective of scientific leadership is to determine the organizational objective. Managers guide their organization to earn that organizational objective by shaping the behaviour of the employees and other members of the organization. Managers provide certain duties to the employees on the basis of their capabilities as manager believes that they will be able to perform the role (Yung Chou and Pearson 2012). A team of Harvard Researchers has conducted a research on the organizational behaviour. After a long time they have finally reached into the conclusion by determining that there are some formal and informal behaviour within the organization that helps the organization to reach to the desired position (Lattal 2014). This theory has concentrated on the decision making process of the organization. It has been stated in the theory that the decision makers of the business organizations are restricted to choose the alternative options that will be beneficial for the growth of the organization, instead of choosing the option that will be helpful to reach to the ultimate solution (Miner 2015). Neo Human Relation School: This theory has enlightened the structure of modern business organizations. There are various theories that like Maslows Hierarchy theory that has argued that employees are motivated on the basis of five levels, such as- psychological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization, the theory of X and Y, where the theory x has stated that employers must use rewards system to earn the desired goal of the organization and theory Y has concentrated on that workers assume the responsibilities towards the organization. This theory of organizational behaviour has considered all these theories while describing the behaviour of the employees in the modern organizational structure (Lee, Kim and Kim 2012). The theory has concentrated on the various system of the organizational structure. It has been argued in various sectors that the organizational management must allow the stakeholders to share their views over an issue. It will be helpful for the organizational management to rectify the issues and establish a strong organizational structure (Lattal 2014). Different types of organizations are designed according to the requirement and market trend of the industry. The objective of the business organizations is to achieve the leading position in the industry by providing quality service to the employees. There are different type of market trend and requirement of the consumers for the different type of industry. People that are involved in those organizations behave accordingly. The organizational management makes sure that employees of the organization are behaving in an appropriate manner that can influence the growth of the organization. An exemplary example of this difference is the profit and non-profit organizations. The employers of the profit organizations make sure that employees are motivated to contribute their best performance to achieve the common organizational goal. On the other hand, in the non-profit organizations employees mainly focuses on the aim of the organization, which is to serve the society. They behave in a dif ferent manner than the employees of the profit organizations (Yung Chou and Pearson 2012). Importance of Evidence Based Approach: Evidence based approach plays vital role in todays modern business organizational structure. It helps the managers and business leaders to identify the best practices for the organization that can stimulate the growth of the organization. Evidence based approach works as scientific method or medicine for the business organizations now a days. Evidence based approach helps the management and leaders to take efficient decisions for the organization. It outs significant impact on the decision making process of the organization. Evidence-based approach helps the managers to observe the requirement of the organization and the market trend, which is highly beneficial for the growth of the organization. The organizational management can choose the suitable method for their organization on the basis of these evidence (Lattal 2014). Practice of Personal and Interpersonal skills and Knowledge: Employers now a days seek interpersonal skills among their employee, as it plays crucial role in the growth of the organization. Employees need to nurture their personal ad interpersonal skills that can influence the growth of the organization. There are various skills that are required to lead the organization to achieve the organizational goal, such as- capacity of working in a team, problem solving capacity, decision making capacity and so on. This skills need to improved to carry out any business venture (HU 2015). Teamwork plays vital role to stimulate the growth of the organization. Every business organization is a team and unity is considered as the key word for the success in this todays competitive world. Employers always try to maintain the unity within the organization to survive in the competition. They encourage their employees to work as a team to earn the desired common organizational goal (Miner 2015). Teamwork helps the organization to overcome many obstacles and lead the organization in the right path. Employees must work as a team in an organization as it will help the organization to fight against many external threats. By working as a team, employees will be able to identify their weakness. At the same time, they will be able to overcome their weaknesses as well. By working as a team, the employees of a business organization will be able to improve their as well as organizational performance quality. Role of Organizational Behaviour Theories: Organizational behaviour theories provide a vivid idea about the appropriate and efficient structure of the modern business organization. It helps them to identify the loopholes of their organizational structure and rectify it accordingly. In order to put a remarkable footprint in the industry, it is important for them to design their organizational structure in an unique manner so they can provide efficient and effective service to the potential consumers. Thus, organizational behaviour theories play significant role in shaping the behaviour of organizational structure in this modern and competitive era (Hogg and Terry 2014). Conclusion: As per the previous discussion, it can be stated that organizational behaviour theories helps the business leaders to carry out their business venture and earn the desired target. Reference: Hogg, M.A. and Terry, D.J. eds., 2014.Social identity processes in organizational contexts. Psychology Press. HU, W., 2015. Organizational Citizenship Behaviors of Directors: An Integrated Framework of Director Role-Identity and Boardroom Structure. Lattal, K.A., 2014. Performance management: Changing behavior that drives organizational effectiveness. Lee, M.J., Kim, S.S. and Kim, W., 2012. Service Employees' Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and Customer-Oriented Behaviors: An Accountability Theory Perpective.Journal of foodservice business research,15(4), pp.335-361. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Yung Chou, S. and Pearson, J.M., 2012. Organizational citizenship behaviour in IT professionals: An expectancy theory approach.Management Research Review,35(12), pp.1170-1186.

Womens Place In Advertising Essays - Advertising, Sexual Attraction

Women's Place In Advertising Women in Advertising Stereotypes in America have existed for hundreds of years. They were present before the Internet, television, radio, and even magazines. This is not to say that these newer media devices do not contribute to the overwhelming prevalence of racism, sexism, and stereotyping. Typecasting occurs regularly in society, for men, and especially women. Advertisers are the single largest contributor to the continuation of female degradation and sexual bias in our society. Advertising plays a tremendous role in promoting labels. Direct marketing techniques demand that people be placed in certain specific groups. The more defined a group is the better for the advertisers. Their goal is to create a situation where an entire group of people feel the same way, think the same way, and most importantly shop the same way. In the ads that I have found there seem to be three main types. The female body displayed as a sexual object; todays ads have created a society where the Kate Mosses of the world epitomize beauty. It is these types of ads that are responsible for the 80% of school girls watching their weight (Kilbourne). These second type exhibits the housewife who is nurturing, caring, older, and unsexual. These ads feature women as competent only cleaning, cooking, and taking care of children. The final type is the empowered female, in control, young, and attractive. It is only the third type of ad, which occurred much less frequently that empowered and r ecognized women as equal to men. It is necessary that advertisers change their assessment of women. Women are more than sex objects and housewives; moreover, they constitute half of the consumers in the country. With a change in advertising policies companies will serve dual purposes, their sales to women will increase and, girls will have an opportunity to feel good about themselves, their bodies, and who they are. Traditionally women in media have filled only one role in American society, the housewife. Only recently did she expand to also include the sex object. Through mass media advertisers sell beauty; they create an unattainable ideal woman, compelling other women to attempt to transform themselves into the model. Advertisers make it clear that their products have the ability to complete that transformation. In my research over half the ads in multiple magazines treated women as sex objects. Scantily clad, sexy, beautiful women drape themselves over a bottle of perfume, a bouquet of flowers, or shaving cream. In ad numbered #1 there is a perfect woman caressing herself after getting out of the shower. Her body and hair are impeccable, a satisfied sexual look on her face. The sexual implications are also evident, Seduce your senses, Silken your skin Its a sensual experience like never before. This ad is telling readers that they will be more attractive if they use this particular brand of soap. A hall-mate of mine described the ad by saying If I use that soap I will be a beautiful babe. The ad scheme and the product have no relation whatsoever; soap has nothing to do with beauty or sex. They simply chose a beautiful, satisfied looking woman to use their soap. The 2nd ad shows a tall, thin, gorgeous model. She is in the 5% of women in the world with that particular type of body build. The ad is very clear in revealing its message; these clothes you will look more like this model. You will give off the sex appeal that she radiates, her eyes, stance, and even the pole she is resting on all are very sexual yet completely unrelated to the pants that are being advertised. Every ad that I collected that featured a woman was beautiful. There are no blemishes, pimples, or love handles; every woman has perfect hair, perfect breasts, and perfect arms, the definition of beauty in our culture. These are the women that create the negative, unhealthy, unsafe images in young girls minds. It is not surprising that girls rarely feel adequate during their emotional teenage years when they are forced to compare themselves to airbrushed, made-up models. The results of years of measuring up to advertisements are eating disorders, depression, and insecurity. The ads with

Crystals Essays - Crystallography, Phase Transitions, Free Essays

Crystals Essays - Crystallography, Phase Transitions, Free Essays Crystals Crystals What is a crystal? A crystal is a solid substance with definite geometric shapes and molecules that are arranged in a repeating pattern (Comptons ). Crystals have fixed angles between its faces, which have distinct edges. If the faces of a crystal can reflect light, then it will sparkle (Stangle). Crystals have constant angles because of the regular arrangement of its particles. There are seven types of crystals: cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, hexagonal, trigonal, monoclinic, and triclinic (Dr. Boyle). Crystals are classified by the shapes of their lattice or the regular, periodic configuration of particles (American Heritage). There are two different types of lattices. There are primitive lattices where there is only one lattice point per unit cell. There are also non-primitive lattices. They are the ones with more than one lattice point per unit cell. Crystals can also be classified by their physical/chemical properties. There are four types of crystals classified this way. They are covalent, metallic, ionic, and molecular (Dr. Boyle). A covalent crystal is a crystal which is one big molecule. They usually have extremely high melting points. An example of a covalent crystal is a diamond and zinc sulfide (Dr.Boyle). Metallic crystals have high melting points and densities. They are metal atoms which sit on lattice sites while the outer electrons from these atoms flow freely around the lattice (Dr. Boyle). Ionic crystals are crystals where the individual atoms do not have covalent bonds among themselves. These atoms are held together by electrostatic forces. They are also very hard and have a relatively high melting point. Sodium chloride (NaCl, salt) is an example of an ionic crystal (Dr. Boyle). Molecular crystals are crystals where there are recognizable molecules in the structure and the crystal is held together by non-covalnet interactions such as hydrogen bonding (Dr. Boyle). Sugar is an example of a molecular crystal. These crystals tend to have low melting points and are soft (Dr. Boyle). Crystals start growing by a process called nucleation. They are produced in solutions. The temperature and pH balance of the solutions must be controlled well. Crystals start growing one of two ways: unassisted nucleation, crystals that start with the molecules themselves or assisted nucleation, with the help of some solid matter already in the solution (Dr. Boyle). In unassisted nucleation, molecules of the solute are in the solution. Most of the time the solute molecules only see the solvent molecules around them. Sometimes the solute molecules can see other solute molecules and they become attracted to one another if the compound is solid and pure (Dr. Boyle). These molecules will stay together for a little while and will eventually be separated by other internal forces. However, sometimes the molecules will stay together long enough to meet up with a third, then a fourth, and then even a fifth solute molecule. When this happens the combined attraction force eventually becomes stronger than the other forces within the solution (Dr. Boyle). This attraction force tends to disrupt the formation of these aggregates. When this happens a protocrystal or a pre-crystal becomes a nucleation site (Dr. Boyle). As the protocrystal floats around in the solution, it encounters other solute molecules. These other molecules feel the attractive force of the protocrystal and decide to join the group of molecules (Dr. Boyle). This is when the crystal begins to grow. Crystals grow form the outside instead of the inside. The crystal molecule grows until it can no longer remain dissolved in the solution and falls out of the solution (Dr. Boyle). After this happens, the other solute molecules grow on the surface of the crystal. The crystal gets bigger until there is an equilibrium, or a state of a chemical reaction in which a forward and reverse reaction occur at equal rates so that the concentration of the reactant and product do not change with time (American Heritage). When there is equilibrium between the solute molecules in the crystal and the solute molecules in the solvent the crystal no longer get bigger (Dr. Boyle). In assisted nucleation the same process is followed as in unassisted nucleation. The only difference is that a solid surface such as a stone or brick acts as a meeting for all of the solute

Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Questions - Essay Example king in a different division, the permission of both supervisors must first be sought, in order to maintain an effective line of control and only after the two supervisors agree on the collaboration, the respective team members can collaborate with each other. The argument offered in support of this position is that information may sometimes need to be kept confidential within a particular division or group, which justifies such policing. If I was the CEO of this organization, I would apply a different set of rules to such collaborations between individuals performing different organizational roles. I would utilize the tools provided by software such as wikis, to set up online areas where users can collaborate with others across the organization and modify information on websites for use by others. In this way, there is scope provided for free exchange of information and collaboration within the organization, so that the existing organizational boundaries between divisions are dissolved automatically. In the present day framework, effective communication within an organization is vital, although the confidentiality must also be preserved. Too much hierarchical control over collaboration between individuals may undermine the free flow of information, however the use of wikis offers a less rigidly policed boundary, which could be beneficial to the firm. 2. Hodgkinson and Johnson (1994) offer the argument that there is likely to be a greater degree of heterogeneity existing among organizations that function in task environments, which are more competitive. The task environment relates to those market factors that play a role in the functioning of a business. In a manufacturing organization, task pressures are higher because they are conditioned by market forces, especially in the retail sector which needs to be responsive to fluctuating customer demand. In the case of Zara, the clothing retailer, the organizational manages the competitive pressures in the