Medieval Music Essays - Medieval Music, Chants, Catholic Music

Medieval Music Essays - Medieval Music, Chants, Catholic Music Medieval Music Music of the Middle Ages made great advancements through the centuries, which many are still evident today. The Christian Church effected the development of music greatly during the middle ages. The first major type of music of this time was chanting. ?The early Christians inherited the Jewish chants of synagogues.?(Bishop-324) Chants didn?t have constant rhythm, every note was about the same length. They had only one melody ,usually in the major key of C. All the singers sang the same notes together, this is called monophonic. Chants became an significant part of the church service, they were sung throughout the mass. These first chants were just sung by the congregation, later on choirs took over. ?Roman Chant became known as Gregorian chant after Pope Gregory I, the great, who may have composed some of the melodies and who actively encouraged an orderly, ritualized use of music by the church.?(MS Encarta-1) He also supported the schola cantorum, a singing school, to teach boys how to chant. During the ninth century many musicians began to use more than unaccompanied melody. A new type of chant was formed called organom. Organum was two octaves of chanting simultaneously. ?Organum was important to the history of music, because it was the first step toward the development of the musical texture known as polyphony (multipart music) the extensive use of which is the most distinctive feature of Western music.? (MS Encarta-1) Around the twelfth century Organum was mostly being developed in France, but the English did have their own version called gymel. If musicians were to chant many pitches at the same time, they needed a more accurate musical notation. Before this, the notation being used wasn?t precise at all. ?Music notation was originally merely a set of small marks, a sort of short hand, written above the words to indicate the rise and fall of the voice and changes in emphasis, without specifying the duration of the notes or the exact pitch.?(Bishop-325) The new way of writing musical notes was black squares and diamonds attached to little poles on a staff of four or five lines, very similar to how we write music today. Music, during the fourteenth century, made great changes in style. ?The new style was called ars nova (Latin, ?new art?) by one of it?s leading composers, the French prelate Philippe de Vitry. The resulting music was more complex than any previously written, reflecting a new spirit in Europe that emphasized human resourcefulness and ingenuity.?(MS Encarta-2) De Vitry also invented the earliest version of the time signature, making it easier to play and write more complicated patterns. Ars nova composers began to repeat the same patterns of either one or more voice parts, usually from Gregorian chant, throughout the piece. Over that they would put other melodies making it polyphonic. ?Nonreligious, or secular, music was composed by wandering poets who sang of chivalry and courtly love in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.?(Comptons-1) Some of these musicians made a living of singing, others did it for the enjoyment. These singers, Troubadours and Goliards, didn?t have a wide range of singing styles. Over 2,000 of these songs have been written and saved in old documents made after the twelfth century though. ?The musician of the early Middle Ages seems usually to have been minstrel either resident in a large establishment or traveling from establishment to another, singing the lays and sagas to his own accompaniment.?(Montagu-19) Musicians were needed to support other types of entertainment as well. Acrobats would perform to music, just like jugglers, and dancing bears. Poor workers didn?t have much to do for entertainment except for music. They would tell stories to music or have people sing while they danced. They probably sang while working together too, like a type of sea chantey. Even though they were enjoyed by many people, musicians were still considered a very low class. Many of the first instruments of the early Middle Ages were taken from the earlier Roman Empire, or from other cultures around the world. One string instrument used a lot was the lyre. ?It is possible that the lyre was carried into northern Europe from Constantinople during the late Roman Empire, for many of the Byzantime armies, especially the Imperial Bodyguard, were recruited from the northern peoples.?(Montagu-13) During the early medieval times it was played by plucking the strings with a plectrum or fingers,. Later in the tenth century bows became more popular and the lyre was also played with one. The

Writing assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing assignment 1 - Essay Example I have experienced conflict with my professor to a point I contemplated dropping out but I chose to obey him. My experience with my professor trained me that I have to obey authority since in higher education as a student I stand to gain or lose in the brave new world. The professor has the authorization of setting the curriculum and all students must abide by it. I decided to invest in E-learning since it was worth the time and resources. The instruction for online learning requires curriculum, technology device, the professor, and l the learner. A flourishing online classroom has collaborative learning processes and outcomes. In lieu with technology I had to learn an entire web based software suite to enable me in my online class. At first the university support team gave me a hand until I was able to write all the content and make updates. My teaching style had the alignment of a facilitator model prior to beginning the course. Initially I was not sure of the student-professor communication since I was used to the traditional face-to-face class. The key to success in online learning is the communication and interaction with the professor just as it is with face-to-face in a classroom scenario. My processor of distance education leads me to experience four types of challenges that include academic property, academic freedom, faculty workloa d, and academic job market. I am troubled by the simple fact that my distance education professor fails to provide me with quality education. I reckon that the physical separation between the faculty and the students prevent a good interpersonal contact between the professor and the student. The faculty members of the university have devised inappropriate testing procedures that make it difficult for me to receive quality education. I have criticized the professor severally for the amount of problems of higher education. The issue of intellectual property entails the ownership of the course materials. A student can

Feasibility study of BAC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Feasibility study of BAC - Essay Example Happy-Smile BAC Financial Representative Code 3394 Re: Contract N234734-56-E-2353 BAC Circuitry Board Corporation Contract Task Order (CTO) 2324 Draft Final RI/FS Business Proposal Unit No. 45 Dear Mr. Happy-Smile, PAL Feasible Firm, Inc (FS) is contented to submit the Feasibility study (FS) work plan and proposal concerning the remedy of bottlenecks. The deliverable will be submitted due two weeks (dated December 25, 2011). They are incorporated with the comments of FS proposal that was submitted two weeks earlier that is (dated 10 2011). There existed no changes what so ever in the previously delivered proposal and hence no final draft will be submitted. In accordance with the scheduled proposal provided earlier are due not later than two weeks from delivery (dated January 4, 2012). If you have any questions regarding this submittal, please contact PAL Feasible Firm. Sincerely, PAL Feasible Firm, INC. Jacobs Jolly Project Manager Cc: Project Manager BAC Feasibility Study of BAC Rat ionale Feasibility studies can be employed in various ways, primarily focusing on proposed commercial ventures. Therefore, they are meant to rationally clarify the opportunities and threats in a business. For instance, in BAC firm, it is proposed to deal with bottlenecks to inflate the firm’s production and in the long-run maximize profits. Hence early determination of the viability of the notion before proceeding to the implementation stage is significantly recommended in BAC. Thus the study will provide a risk free opportunity in combating bottlenecks within the organization. Though the task may seem overwhelming, it may be cost effective and hence lure a potential investor to venture into the business for encroachment into other markets that is expansion (Kreigsmann, 1979 p. 35-42). Need for the Study The firm’s operations are primarily declining due to production bottleneck. This is as a result of unplanned shifting of workload from one process to another. The firm is therefore, having an uphill task in anticipating the workload pile up in the firm daily as a consequence of individual orders from clienteles who impose completely different workloads in each operation carried out (Rick, 1999 p. 15). Furthermore, the firm considers 4-day-rush orders which demand reworking at either one or two operations. In this event it delays delivery processes and modification necessary, because employees are shifted from one operation to another depending on demand of operation. As a consequence of this some workstations are left vacant and others overloaded. Scope of the Project The report will look into how combating bottlenecks can work in the long-run enduring financial risks in the course of the business. Furthermore, it will aid in discovering the potential working strategy and cash flows. On the other hand planners will be able to critically focus on bottlenecks and target practicable options. The employees will therefore depict their response through positive or negative feedback upon execution of the plan in BAC. BAC is a firm that deals with the manufacturing of printed circuit boards to the specifications of its different customers. Thus the firm applies innovative designs and archetype production methodologies that facilitate the firm to be adept in resolving clientele issues. Conversely, despite the successful continuance of BAC employees over its processes, several setbacks have been encountered in sustaining the firm’

Research Paper Topics on Urinary Infections in the Elderly

Research Paper Topics on Urinary Infections in the ElderlyThere are several ideas for research papers that address urinary infections in the elderly. In fact, you will find a number of very creative ideas, however, not all of them will work. There are some very good ideas for research papers on this topic but the key to finding good research ideas for this topic is to make sure that you don't get the idea from someone else.One very good idea would be to ask your doctor about this issue and learn if there are specific medications or surgical treatments that are available to cure the problem. As an added note, there are two kinds of urinary tract infections - the simple type and the chronic type. The simple type is usually caused by a bacterial infection of the bladder, while the chronic type is caused by a virus. Both of these types are equally treatable with antibiotics.A physician may be able to tell you if the infection is caused by a virus or the immune system. This way, you will know what you need to do and you won't have to resort to surgery or take another drug. However, to get this information, you may need to get an appointment with your doctor and you may need to do a little research yourself.Some of the other ideas for research papers that address urinary infections in the elderly include testing for antibodies against the urinary tract infections causing bacteria, testing the urine for any blood in it, and testing the urine for toxins that can be passing into the bloodstream through the urinary tract. You may also want to check for allergies to foods or chemicals that can be passing into the blood stream through the urinary tract.If you are not sure if your immune system is able to fight against urinary tract infections, your doctor will probably do a blood test to determine this. In addition, you may also want to talk to your health care provider about whether there are specific types of medications or surgeries that will prevent the infection from happening. These are things that you don't want to try yourself, however, so let your doctor know.Since so many of these ideas can be found online, you may want to see if you can get a sample of the medication and study it yourself. Once you have used the drug, you will be able to assess whether it actually did help or not.These are just a few of the research paper topics that you can look at. It is important to keep in mind that you should not get ideas from just anyone.

The Biggest Myth About Buy Custom Essays Writing Services Exposed

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The Dos and Donts of Psychology Research Paper Topics on Fear

The Do's and Don'ts of Psychology Research Paper Topics on Fear Fear and stress interact on a lot of levels. It is vital to highlight that anxiety disorders are the most commonly recognized class of mental issues and are comorbid with one another and other mental issues. Although anxiety disorders are universally experienced by lots of people around the world, they cause a significant quantity of stress. Social Anxiety Disorder is regarded as the third largest mental healthcare problem on the planet. Key Pieces of Psychology Research Paper Topics on Fear In some instances you might take action against the individual who was insulting. Another thing that someone should think about is the examiner's instructions. Your paper is going to be the foundation for a coming DHS press conference where the Deputy Director will make an effort to assuage the public's fear. The person has been persuaded by subtle cues rather than the content. 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Robert Browning’s “Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister” Essay Example for Free

Robert Browning’s â€Å"Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister† Essay Robert Browning’s â€Å"Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister† is, as the title suggests, the soliloquy of an unnamed monk, complaining to himself against Brother Laurence, another monk whom he has to be cloistered with in the monastery. He accuses the other monk with numerous immoralities and values against their faith and chosen vocation. However, the very offenses that he accuses Brother Laurence with reveal his own violation of each one. The monk’s grumpy mood can be inferred from the non-verbal words in the poem like â€Å"Gr-r-r† (line 1) and â€Å"Whew! † (line 17) and the colloquial expressions of disgust like â€Å"Saint, forsooth! † (line 25). In spite the anger, the rhyme and rhythm are regular and restrained all throughout, in consistence with the formal and self-righteous personality of the speaker. He remains dignified externally, but seethes inside. Meanwhile, the stanzas enumerate the many accusations the monk levels against Brother Laurence, all of which expose his own hypocrisies. In the fourth stanza, the monk accuses the other of desiring Brown Dolores. At the same time, he describes her with details that are beyond a cursory description like his comment on her â€Å"Blue-black, lustrous steeping tresses†¦thick like horsehairs† (lines 28-29), revealing his own hidden desires for the woman. In the fifth stanza, he criticizes Brother Laurence’s table manners, how â€Å"when he finishes reflection/ Knife and fork he never lays/ Cross-wife† (lines 33-36) like the self-righteous speaker does after meals. Here he is guilty of thinking badly about his fellow and vanity for thinking he is better than the other man. He also plans to tempt the other monk with his own copy of a â€Å"scrofulous French novel† (line 57), exposing his own lustful preoccupation. The final hypocrisy is shown in the final lines where the monk intersperses his vesper prayers with a curse against Brother Laurence, implicating himself to heresy. Work Cited Browning, Robert. â€Å"Soliluquy of the Spanish Cloister. †