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How Relaxation techniques influence Adult Recall - 1100 Words

How Relaxation techniques influence Adult Recall (Dissertat. Methodology Sample) Content: Relaxation Techniques and How They Help In Witnesses Recall Students Name Supervisor Acknowledgements Many thanks to my supervisor for the endless help she provided throughout this study and the support she gave to me. Many thanks also go to Greenwich University Library because this work would not have been probable without all the research that was made available to me. Abstract Testimony from wittiness is one of the widely and most influential methods used in court. It is also note able that witnesses recall preparation should be based on helping witnesses to be able to present a message that is clear and effective. Thus, Witness recall and preparation are two important aspects that require great concern from all concerned parties. The specific objective of this research will be to show that relaxation techniques can help memory recall among crime witnesses. In this study the hypothetical foundation will be made because it will help giving more support to the topic under study. The hypothesis in this case will be as follows. HO= People who practice relaxation techniques maybe can recall more easily memories as witnesses in a crime scene. HA= People who practice relaxation techniques may be cannot recall more easily memories as witnesses in a crime. False convictions remain a key issue in courts due to lack of clear or relevant evidence from crime witnesses. The study will analyse a number of relaxation techniques and try to examine the degree to which they affect the memory recall of a witness Table of Contents Relaxation Techniques and How They Help In Witnesses Recall 1 Students Name. 1 Acknowledgements. 2 Abstract 3 Table of Contents. 3 Chapter1. 6 1.2 Hypothetical Foundation. 9 Chapter 2: Literature Review.. 10 2.1 Relaxation techniques. 12 2.2 Eye closure. 12 2.3 Cognitive interviews. 13 2.4 Meditation. 14 2.5 Self hypnosis. 16 2.6 Self efficacy approach. 17 2.6.1 Self efficacy sources. 18 Chapter 3: Theoretical Perspectives. 20 3.1 ABC relaxation theory. 20 3.1.1 R states, R altitude, and R beliefs. 21 3.2 ABC relaxation theory View.. 22 3.3 Confidence theories. 23 Chapter 4. 24 4.1 Informal process. 24 4.1.1 Cognitive dialogue. 25 4.1.2 Memory Recuperation. 26 4.1.3 Applied Techniques. 26 4.1.4 Progressive Muscle Relaxation. 27 4.1.5 Biofeedback. 27 4.1.6 Brainwaves. 28 4.1.7 Skin conductance. 29 4.1.8 Autogenic Training. 29 4.1.9 Deep breathing. 30 4.1.10 Self-hypnosis. 30 4.1.11 Visualization: 31 Chapter 5: Data collection Methods. 32 5.1The interpretive research approach. 33 5.2 Research Methodology. 34 5.3 Sample. 35 5.4 Instrumentation. 36 5.5 Data Collection. 36 5.6 Data Analysis. 36 Chapter 6: Results, Discussion and Conclusion, 37 6.1 Demographic analysis. 40 6.2 Criminal scene. 41 6.2.1 Questions before the criminal scene. 42 6.2.2 Questions during the crime scene. 44 CHAPTER 7: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION.. 48 7.1 Introduction. 48 7.2 Objective summary: relaxation techniques can help in memory recall among witnesses. 48 7.3 Recommendations. 49 7.4 Limitations of the study. 49 7.5 Suggestions for further research. 50 7.6 Conclusion. 50 Chapter1 1.0 Introduction Testimony from witness is one of the widely and most influential methods used in court. In this case witness preparation is a common practice for both the attorneys and trial consultants in bolstering witnesss capability to testify. For example, in the year 2009 a clarification in regard a witness capability to testify was clearly made. This research managed to note that witnesses recall preparation should be based on helping witnesses to be able to present a message that is clear and effective. Again Neal report cites clearly that the American Bar Association maintains that preparation of witnesses can not incorporate the policies to mislead the court. As a result of preparation and testimony usage, physiological prose has managed to proliferate witnesses related research. Some of this research includes examination of the impacts of biased information on eye witness confidence and accuracy. This is a term that has come to be referred to as misinformation. An eyewitness plays a very significant role in the forensic process. From the outset perspective the data that they are able to collect as well as the description that these witnesses provide has a great role in shaping the police inquiries. At the end of this process the provided testimonies in the court of law plays a big role or have significant effects on the trial outcome. This ability of eye wittiness to provide accurate account of the witnessed event has been an area of interest for psychologist. Therefore, they have been researching basing their interest on what they have observed over a centaury, following the fact that a there is a vast of these majority research that has been conducted in the 70s. As a result of these researches a lot has been learnt of the ways which witnesses can be mistaken, or mislead into terror, however, very little has been discovered on ways to help them remember the observed information well. It is important to note that the extent to which a witness can be able to provide detailed information about an observed past event is driven by both the memory quality and their willingness to respond to the questions asked. Questions asked to the witnesses are designed in way that the remembered information demonstrates their effectiveness is higher than just the response bias, but its a constitution of improved memory. There is several relaxation techniques applied such as closing of eyes. There are those that help them to give les incorrect information while others are not. The current paper bucks this trend, and discusses research into helping witnesses to remember more details, more accurately. 1.1 Background statement The forensic practice, for example, requires any witnesses recall only the truth and the whole truth and not anything else, but the truth. In the case of eye witness maximum information is required to be recalled and it is expected to be true with the minimum amount of error. One thing to note with the human memory as far as the issues of information recall is concerned is that, it is imperfect, reconstructive, and vulnerable to pressure and objective oriented establishment. It is not objective to take such intention in this case or ground cover. However, is crucial to take it for granted the memory fallibility, and none the less ask how an interviewer can and a complaint witness optimize their recall. This indicates that there are two interrelated problem that needs to be overcome. Witness recall and preparation are two important aspects that require great concern from all concerned parties. These two aspects also call s for objective measures that are empirically established to measure the credibility of witness given out. According to the credibility witness scale, witness credibility is conceptualized as a four factor raise which comprises of confidence, trustworthiness, knowledge, and likeability. As a result of this measure utility has been evident more so in expert witness study. What is lacking so far is a theoretical perspective that is empirically derived as a valid measure of witness ability to recall and testify. Such a scale development contains both applied and theoretical significance. To demonstrate conceptual and psychometric properties directed to the goal of assessing cognitive and behavioral perceptions of witnesses about testifying is a big challenge. These established areas once addressed and assessed effectively they can aid in identifying certain testimony components to be improved through witness preparation with will result in an effective recall. This study can also draw from self efficacy literature making it simple to define these phenomenas and be able to desperate constructs and be able to get the implication that gives room for juror perceptions, and formulate hypotheses for the present study. As indentified in the introductory part, the role played by in the forensic process. The role is based on facts and descriptions recollected and provide aid in shaping the police inquiry. In addition, the evidence that witnesses give out in court has incredibly significant effects on the trial outcome. However, witnesses problem failing to memorize information that they have regarding a certain crime phenomena. There are also several factors leading witnesses not to memorize more information accurately. This report aims to discuss the research in relation techniques and the help they give to witnesses in order to remember more information accurately. 1.2 Hypothetical Foundation This is an assumption that appear...

A Quick Overview of Research Topics in the Field of Developmental Psychology

A Quick Overview of Research Topics in the Field of Developmental PsychologyThere are so many developmental psychology research topics that it's difficult to know where to start. Here is a quick overview of what developmental psychology research is all about.Because many children aren't ready to talk about their emotions and needs, a developmental psychologist will often begin by conducting studies of basic psychology concepts and how they relate to the early development of children. This is known as the first step. It's the foundation for your next developmental psychology research topics paper.Then, developmental psychologists will begin to use this basic understanding in conjunction with the latest scientific research in order to study the child's brain in specific developmental stages. This process is known as cross-fostering and it is performed through surveys, questionnaires, and observation of behavior. Many scientists call this stage of research the critical period.Finally, t he developmental psychologist will build on this foundation to develop a problem or a question that will allow the scientists to fully explore the nature of the child's developmental process. These research questions may involve questions concerning the senses or the way the child's brain is wired. They can also include questions regarding whether or not a specific developmental stage is a normal stage or a break from the norm. The developmental psychologist will conduct all of the research into this important question.Developmental psychologists work with all children, not just children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). They want to know how this disability interacts with a child's development and the environment, so they do not just treat the child's autism.Some of the research topics may also be related to language development. An example of this is a questionnaire or survey that's designed to ask children if they understand the meaning of certain words in speech.Some of the d evelopmental psychologist's research focuses on language development and cross-cultural differences. When these different languages are spoken at home and in school, they must be treated differently. To accomplish this, the developmental psychologist will collect surveys of communication skills and general language ability but will also be collecting information from the children's homes.What does this have to do with developmental psychology? It has everything to do with working with families. With this knowledge, you can develop a research topic's paper that can benefit both the patient and the doctor.

Applying a business risk audit to intercontinental hotel - Free Essay Example

Risk is inevitable in any business or entrepreneurship. When a business is launched, then some positive outcome is expected; yet there are always chances for negative results. The purpose of this assignment is consider the ways of forecasting and identifying risk and managing it, i.e. reducing or eliminating possible risks or finding ways for an entity to revive from the damage brought about by risks as soon as possible. All the above mentioned is subject of audit also considered in this assignment. InterContinental Hotel Group is chosen as the object for auditing internal and external business risks. Audit is generally defined as: an examination and verification of a companys financial and accounting records and supporting documents by a professional, such as a Certified Public Accountant; an IRS (Internal Revenue Service) examination of an individual or corporations tax return, to verify its accuracy (Investorwords.com). Risk is commonly interpreted as the deviation of the anticipated results of future events which can affect the value of the latter. The term audit risk implies the possibility of the audit procedure resulting into an inappropriate conclusion or opinion on the financial statements. These can be neglecting discrepancies with an officia l standard, especially the ones containing a material misstatement, or recognition of an error when actually there is any (). One should differentiate between audit risk and business risk. Business risk relates to the loss which organization might sustain if it does not achieve its goals and objectives. It is essentially the potential cost incurred if the business does not achieve its strategic plans (Swanson, n.d). In many entities the assessment and management of business risk has developed into formalized enterprise risk management, or ERM. Audit risk relates to whether the procedures of internal and/or external audit achieved their objectives successfully. Traditionally, audit risk has been interpreted as strictly the risk of incorrect audit conclusions (). Nowadays, however, the concept tends to be extended to deal with more aspects, e.g. mistakes or inefficiency of internal audit. Swanson puts an equal sign between business risk and enterprise risk and refers to COSOs definition of the latter term. According to it, ERM is a process, effected by an entitys board of directors, management and other personnel, applied in strategy setting and across the enterprise, designed to identify potential events that may affect the entity, and manage risks to be within its risk appetite, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives (Enterprise risk management 2004, p. 6). ERM is conducted entity-wide and implies identification, investigation, quantification, response and monitoring of outcome of potential event. As a rule ERM is executed by internal auditors who report to managers or in many organizations directly to the board of directors. The procedure is designed to provide management of business risk and assure that decisions concerning reducing the risk are taken on daily basis. ERM is based on a principle that every entity exists to provide value for its stakeholders (FAQs, 2006; Internal control, 2006). COSO describe s the following stages in the ERM process: internal environment, objective setting, event identification, risk assessment, risk response, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring (ERM, businessdictionary.com, n.d). From the above-mentioned we can conclude that internal auditing and business risk are closely interconnected. At that the former should facilitate the latter. Generally audit resources should be applied at the areas of greatest business risk. Audit risk is an integral element of business risk as mistakes and failures in the very process of audit would inevitably lead to failure in managing business and therefore enhancing value. 2. Brief overview InterContinental Hotel Group is an example of great interest as for risk management among international hotel companies. IHG is the largest hotel company in the worlds offering more than 650ÂÂ  000 rooms, having more than 130ÂÂ  000ÂÂ  000 stays annually and running over 4500 hotels across over 100 countries across the globe. The major factor to establish peculiarities of risk which this company faces is that does not own by operates hotels. Is performs three basic types of business activities: a) franchising; b) managing; c) owning and leasing of hotels. Over 3ÂÂ  800 hotel are operated by the company under franchise agreements, 628 hotels are managed and only 16 hotels (which is less than 1 % of hotels the company deals with) are owned by the company. (Operating and financial review, 2006). So the major source of income for this company is franchising which means that the companys activities refer to intellectual property and branding rather than capi tal investment. Generally franchising is designed to avoid liability and expenses for material property. Therefore, risks connected with material capital do not affect directly the company while the risks relating to branding and intellectual property i.e. business schemes and development are of paramount importance. Franchising implies that franchiser (whose functions are performed by IHG) guarantee success of conducting business to franchisee (its client), i.e. sells a successful business model and takes part in organization of correct implementation of the aforementioned business strategy. Thereby one the main risks to threaten the company is failing to produce or implement a business model or a strategy or making a mistake in management. If a company, which works for itself, neglects some kind of risk, incurs financial losses or even goes bankrupt, it can restore it function by means of state loan or simply amending of dramatically changing its ways and policies of conducting business. Yet if a franchisee of IHG incurs losses due to inefficiency of a business schedule suggested by IHG, it shall dramatically affect the reputation of the latter. Thus other franchisees shall stop trusting the company and this can lead to breaking of a number of franchising contracts This is why IGH pays particular attention to risk management, carefully elaborates risk persist schemes and controls their implementation within its structural divisions. 3. Risks Facing the Company There are a number of challenges faced by companies which conducting risk audit. Firstly, it is not easy for them to obtain substantial resources necessary for desirable segregation of duties. Secondly, managers domination can result into considering the unattained objectives to be attained. Finally, there is a problem of recruiting personnel with ample financial and administrative competencies. It is hard to switch from running the business to taking critical management. Limited technical resources impede maintaining general and application controls over computer data-bases and information systems (Internal control, 2006, p. 4 -5). Yet there are many examples of actual companies to have transformed these challenges into the principles they support. Rittenberg outlines four crucial components of risk relating to conducting an audit. They are business risk, financial reporting risk, engagement risk and audit risk. Business risk is a risk which influences operations and potential outcomes of entitys activities (****, p.122). Financial reporting risk refers to the recording of transactions and the presentation of financial data in financial statement of an organization. Engagement risk is encountered by auditors being associated with a particular client, whose outcome can be of damage to auditor company reputation, inability of the client to pay to the auditor, impediment of audit process by a dishonest manager. All four types of risk are interdependent. Business risk and financial risk emerge with the audit client and its environment, virtually shaping the two other types of risk. The result of risk management processes often determine further existence of a company or audit firm. The book suggests issuing an audit opinion on companys financial statements or on the effectiveness of its internal accounting controls as ways to minimization the auditors risk (****, p. 121 122). External risks InterContinental Hotel Group is exposed to many risks both internal and external. First and foremost is competition. Companies offering the same type of services can reduce the amount of clients. Also the availability of instructions and the development of IT technologies can affect the number of clients as they may well find the information needed for conducting successful business for much more attractive conditions. Changes in legislation also play an important role for the maintenance of the Groups business. The situation becomes more complicated as IHG is an international company so the Board and staff should follow and consider the changes in legislation of many countries at once as well as the international legislation and policy (e.g. signing of international MOUs, treaties, etc). To reduce this risk the company follows the upcoming event on the international agenda, makes correspondent investigations when contracts are concluded with representatives of new countries, follows changes in legislation of partner countries, hires or uses consultation of international policy leaders, amends their brand business strategies as to satisfy legislation of a given country, promotes its own business technologies so as to influence the way of business management or even impose its own ways. Sometimes it is hard to resist this risk as politician and third parties who promote their own interest interfere in this sphere. Also there is always a threat of international conflicts, civil unrest and similar phenomena. Also great many factors influence international and national legislation such as economy, politic situation (inside the country as well as in the world), natural disasters, demography and ecology. The company therefore conducts investigations in each of the mentioned spheres and employs respective specialists. It contributes to ecological projects (global and national) and pays attention to insurance. The almost worldwide business has the advantage that if there is a downfall in one region, a rise is likely to be in another, yet there might be general downfall of world economy. Internal risks Some franchisees may have interest with would contradict the general policy if the group e.g. companies would not like or participate in projects connected with brand improvement. Also there can emerge internal clash of interest: some companies within the Group might desire the same things and be engaged into aggressive rivalry. To avoid these risks (which are internal) the company undertakes preliminary actions: enquiry into the strategies and interests of potential franchisee, including respective restrictions into franchising contract (that it is compulsory for this particular franchisee to participate in branch improving measures), the Group tends to provide strategies in such way that they reduce rivalry among franchisee companies (suggests alternative business schemes which imply different target submarket or category of services etc). Identification, retaining and adding new franchisees is no guarantee for the company as well. Recruiting and retaining skillful personne l as well as perfecting their skills is one of major concerns of the company and is also associated with risk. Significant risk refers to maintaining reputation of companys brand as well as protection of intellectual property. Generally the company employs a developed system of strategies which provides successful business for the company as a unity and each particular division. 4. Risk Audit 5. Risk Assessment 6. Risk Strategies Summary and Conclusion