Investment Behaviour of Women Essay Example for Free

coronation Behaviour of Women EssayAbstractThrough an analysis of new crystallises in common chord insurance areas in chili grants, child care avails, and motherliness/parental leavethe written report seeks to explore how equity-oriented reforms deal with the triple legacy of maternalism, male-breadwinner bias, and heap reform. youthful studies of new affable policies in Latin the States fool underlined the persistent effectiveness of maternalist assumptions. Feminist seek on new cash transfer programs, in occurrence, has tended to see to a greater extent industry than transform in the sexual urgeed underpinnings of kind insurance policy. This paper suggests that once we broaden our eld of vision to include well-nigh former(a) cordial programs and reforms, the ways in which yardbirdtemporary favorable policy (re)denes womens productive and reproductive roles, genial rights, and obligations are more complex and contradictory. Indeed, while some poli cies take inexpert care by women for granted, others sharpen to an increasing awareness of inequalities Staab that shape womens and mens diverseial get at to grocery store income and normal complaisant benets.Over the last decade, in that location has been a veritable explosion of scholarship on Latin American neighborly policy. In part this reects the fact thatafter decades of neglectLatin American states have rediscovered friendly policy and scaled up their efforts to address the social fall aside of liberalization. Indeed, while working capital Consensus reforms were mainly driven by the desire to cut be and reduce the scope of the state, the late mid-nineties and 2000s have seen more coordinated state interventions to reduce poverty, inequality, and social exclusion. While not slide bying to post-war social protection schemes, countries in the role are experimenting with policies that break with the liberal notion of minimal safety nets (Barrientos et al. 2008 Mo lyneux 2008 Cortes 2009). What does this return of the state mean for womens social rights and welfare? It has been argued that in contrast to the sexual practice blindness of neoliberal reforms, new social policies have been sex activity conscious (Bedford 2007). However, relatively little systematic research has been carried out on the sexuality dynamics of this new social agenda (Macdonald and Ruckert 2009).The brisk literature seems to suggest that there is far more perseveration than turn in the gendered underpinnings of new social protection programs. Feminist research on conditional cash transfers (CCTs)a key innovation associated with Post-Washington Consensus social policy in the sharehas tended to stress the persistence of maternalism (e.g., Molyneux 2007 Bradshaw 2008 Tabbush 2009), a set of ideas and practices with a long and ambiguous history in the character. Yet there is more to Post-Washington Consensus social policy than CCTs. Several Latin American countri es are experimenting with other care-related policies on base cash transfer schemes including the introduction of full-day schooling, the elaborateness of early childhood education and care (ECEC) services, maternity/ parental leave reforms, and in new-fashioned bonus reforms, the introduction of child-rearing credits. While some of these programs take the unpaid care by women for granted, others point to an increasing awareness of gender inequalities that shape womens and mens differential access to restriction market income and public social benets.That these initiatives have received little academic attention leaves the impression that Latin American social policy is stuck on a maternalist track, when national and regional trends are likely to be more varied and complex. Against this broader backdrop, the main aim of the paperis to provide a better perceptiveness of the complex and contradictoryways in which womens productive and reproductive roles, social rights, and obli gations are constructed and (re)dened in the context of recent equity-oriented reforms. I argue for a two-tiered approach. First, I propose to shine beyond single policy analysis towards a more systemic view that takes into account and compares developments crossways sectors. Second, I aim to assess these reforms according to the ways in which they have dealt with three key legacies marketization, maternalism, and male-breadwinner bias. I apply this approach to the recent reforms in Chilean social policy, a particularly intriguing case.First, Chile is often cited as the Latin American ground where neoliberal principles have been approximately comprehensively applied. Its mid-eighties social sector reformsparticularly in pensions and healthhave long been promoted by international nancial institutions as a model for other countries to emulate (Taylor 2003 Orenstein 2005). new innovations in Chiles social policy regime thus merit close attention. Second, Chile combines market lib eralism with strong social conservatism, particularly with regards to gender roles.We would expect these two legacies to create mounting tensions and contradictions for example over whether mothers should be at home (maternalism) or in the market (liberalism)that social and employment policies have to navigate. I have chosen to digest on the recent reforms in pension, ECEC, and parental leave policies, issues which have been high up the public agenda in Chile and elsewhere. This is reective of both broader global discourses spearheaded by international organizations such as the World curse and the OECD, as well as a regional trend to revising social protection frameworks with an violence on increasing the coverage of hitherto excluded groups.1 The selection thus consciously combines two more traditional policy areas associated with social protection/consumption (pensions and maternity leave), with an appear area geared towards social coronation (ECEC). While the former were dire ctly undermined by structural adjustment and deliberately restructured following the advice of international nancial institutions (Orenstein 2005 support 2009), the latter have acquired prominence over the past decades as a means of reducing poverty by facilitating womens ram force participation and as a cost-efcient tool to promote merciful capital development by investing in early childhood development. These ideas form part of an emerging global paradigm (Jenson and Saint-Martin 2003 Jenson 2010 Mahon 2010) and seem to have ltered down to the national take aim with several Latin American countries experimenting with childcare-related reforms.2 The combination of protection and promotion implicit in this selection is also highly relevant from a gender position.While childcare services and parental leaves can facilitate womens engagement in paid employment, pension systems can be designed in ways that translate labor market inequalities into unequal entitlements in gray-heade d age. They thus represent two sides of the same problem, namely the extent to which the gender division of labor affects womens and mens differential access to income and social security. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows.The next section briey illustrates the rationale for choosing marketization, maternalism, and male-breadwinner bias as key dimensions for assessing tenacity and change. It takes a historical andregional perspective to show how they became embedded in Latin American systems of social provision. The second half of the paper then provides a detailed analysis of recent reforms in Chilean pension, childcare, and maternity leave policies. The nal section draws out some comparative conclusions about the extent to which the recent reforms have dealt with the key legacies of marketization, maternalism, and male-breadwinner bias.Maternalism, Male-Breadwinner Bias, and Market ReformTrajectories of welfare state formation and change in Latin America are in numerous ways different from those of advanced economies in Europe or northwards America that have formed the basis for theory building. The most distinguished difference is probably the desirableness and radicalism with which development strategies have been recast over the last century (Sheahan 2002, 4). Thus, many countries moved from state-led import-substituting industrialization (ISI) in the post-war period to the rather radical application of neoliberal prescriptions following the recessions and debt crises of the late 1970s and early 1980s. These transitions left distinct legacies in systems of social provision.From the often incomplete formation of welfare institutions in the post-war era, governments in the region turned to retrenchment, deregulation, and privatization. Redistributive and universalist aspirationshowever exclusionary or stratifying these had been in practice (Filgueira and Filgueira 2002)were buried with the shift to market-led development and the regi on moved closer towards liberal-informal welfare regimes (Barrientos 2004). As the state was scaled back, reforms empowered business interests which became directly snarly in education, health, and pension systems.3 Gender roles and norms as well as pervasive gender inequalities across states, markets, and households in-between womens and mens exposure to social risks as well as their specic conduct for social protection and services. Women face particular challenges due tomotherhood and other caring responsibilities that societies monstrously specify to them (Lewis 1992 OConnor 1993 Orloff 1993). Yet, these risks and responsibilities have rarely been taken into account in the design of social policies.Thus, Bismarck-style social insurance policy systems, such as those founded across Latin American countries in the post-war period, had an inherent male-breadwinner bias.4 Women, in turn, tended to access social benets as wives of a male breadwinner or as mothers whose maternal functions had to be safeguarded and protected (Gimenez 2005). Motherhood became the truly basis on which women staked their claims to citizenship rights and states deployed their efforts to mobilize female constituencies. At the heart of this civic maternalism was the belief that women and in particular their biological and social function as mothers had to be recognized, valued, and protected (Molyneux 2000).5 This was, in Nancy Folbres words, the senile trunk onto which market reform was grafted, but which continues to inuence the shape of the tree (Interviewed by Razavi 2011). A large body of literature has documented how structural adjustment increase the overall burden on women.Thus, where privatization and trade liberalization triggered a rise in male unemployment, women were pushed into (largely informal) paid employment to make up for confounded wages. Meanwhile, retrenchment and commercialization of social services shifted more responsibilities for social provision to t he domestic sphere, where the prevailing gender division of labor meant that women spent more time on unpaid reproductive work (Benera and Feldman 1992 Sparr 1994 and Elson 1995). In social protection systems, the move from risk sharing to individualization exacerbated already existing gender inequalities. By tightening the relationship between contributory patterns and pension benets, market reforms effectively deepened male-breadwinner bias (Dion 2008). In health, private insurance companies were given plenty of rope for dening premiums based on gender-specic risks, such as pregnancy (Gideon 2006). As a result, the costs of biological and social reproduction were further individualized and passed on to women.Paradoxically, maternalism remained a strong theme in the neoliberal era, at least at the aim of public discourse (Molyneux 2000). In short, market reforms layered new gender inequalities onto the already existing legacies of maternalism and male-breadwinner bias. As a resul t, conservative elements exist alongside (neo)liberal elements in the contemporary welfare architecture of many Latin American countries. How are these legacies challenged or compounded by the current wave of policy innovations and reform? If the state is indeed assuming greater responsibility for socialprovision, does this trend provide a more favorable context for redressing gender inequalities? More particularly, does it reect a greater recognition and redistribution of the responsibilities for and costs of care and social reproduction?The existing literature suggests that there is far more continuity than change in gendered assumptions even as new social programs are being rolled out Recent studies have argued, for example, that new social programs have paid scant, if any, attention to the underlying structures of gender inequality in labor markets and households (Razavi 2007) that economic and social policies continue to place the burden of social reproduction on families (read women) that the particular design of social programs tends to reinforce traditional gender roles without providing long-term strategies for womens economic security finished job training or childcare provision (Molyneux 2007 Tabbush 2009) and that new social policies increase social manoeuver and surveillance of mothers child-rearing behavior and performance (Luccisano and Wall 2009). Feminist research on CCTs, in particular, has tended to stress the persistence of maternalist orientations (e.g., Molyneux 2007 Bradshaw 2008 Tabbush 2009).This literature has been central for understanding the gendered nature of new social policies in the region and much carcass to be learned about the actual diversity of these programs (Martnez Franzoni and Voorend 2009) and their impact on women from different ethnic groups (Hernandez 2011 Rivera 2011). Analytically, however, the sharpen on a single scheme is insufcient to assess the processes through which womens productive and reproductive roles, social rights, and obligations are currently being (re)dened. Several Latin American countries are experimenting with other social policies alongside the much-cited CCTs, including the introduction of full-day schooling, the expansion of ECEC services, maternity/parental leave reforms, and the introduction of child-rearing credits in recent pension reforms.In all(prenominal) of these areas, equity-oriented reformers struggle with the legacies of maternalism and male-breadwinner bias, on the one hand, and the (ideological and de-facto) importance of markets, on the other hand. I argue that these struggles shape reform processes and outcomes in ways that are more complex and contradictory than the existing literature on CCTs suggests. The following analysis of Chilean social policy sets out to unravel some of these complexities by looking at the recent reforms in pensions, childcare, and leave regulations. Implicit in this approach is an understanding of the state as a concept that helps to contextualize present semipolitical conicts and policy processes (Hay and Lister 2006). In other words, previously enacted policies, institutional choices, and strategic interactions constitute a strategically selective terrain (Jessop 1990, 203) that structures present political conict, rendering it more conducive to somedemands than others.While not determining their behavior, the ensemble of institutions and policy frameworks that comprise the state offer opportunities to and impose constraints on, the political agency of those wishing to effect policy change. The three legacies outlined above form part of the institutional landscape of the state. As such, they are shown to play a signicant role in current attempts of reform and policy innovation. While these legacies constitute the main focus of this paper, they are by no means the only factor that shape change and continuity in Chilean social policy. In fact, sector-specic actors, partisan politics, and particul ar political contingencies come into play to differing degrees.Furthermore, the continuity and deepening of an economic model based on trade openness, macroeconomic stability, monetary, and scal discipline and exible employment, forms the backdrop against which more expansive social policies have emerged as a response to persistent inequality. However, the full meaning of recent reforms cannot be understood without taking into account the gender-specic legacies in each sector.(En)gendering Change and Continuity Recent reforms in Chile Chile is a particularly intriguing case for analyzing continuity and change in social policy. On the one hand, it is often portrayed as the solid ground where neoliberal principles have most profoundly transformed economic, social, and political institutions (Kurtz 1999 Filgueira and Filgueira 2002).While radical market reforms were carried out under the aegis of a military dictatorship (19731989), many of the models features were maintained with the return to res publica. Consequently, the countrys policy framework is often represented as particularly resistant to equity-oriented change. On the other hand, Chile combines market liberalism with social conservatismtwo features that conventional welfare regime analysis tends to locate in different clusters (the conservative and the liberal variant, respectively). Female labor force participation is among the lowest in the region (ECLAC 2008), the countrys welfare regime has been described as inherently gender biased (Pribble 2006, 86), and conservative social normsregarding womens role in the family loom large (Contreras and Plaza 2010).6 Despite this rather unfavorable context, recent reforms suggest that these frameworks are not carved in stone. Since the early 2000s efforts to expand social protection, to improve access to and qualityof social services and to strengthen social rights have featured prominently on the countrys social agenda, leading some to argue that Chile may be approaching a point of inection (Illanes and Riesco 2007, 406).The following sections shed light on the complex and contradictory ways in which the triple legacy of maternalism, male-breadwinner bias, and market reform is addressed by recent reforms in pensions (adopted in 2008), childcare services (signicantly expand since 2006), and maternity leave (reformed in 2011). Before delving more deeply into the developments in each sector, it is necessary to briey describe the broader economic and political context since the countrys return to democracy in 1990. Context of Recent Reforms and Policy Innovations The return to democracy did not entail a drastic transformation of the institutional foundations of economic and social policy inherited from the military regime (Moulian 2002 Taylor 2003 Borzutzky 2010).In fact, in macroeconomic terms the center-left party coalition Concertacion that governed the country from 1990 to 2010 validated and deepened the neoliberal model based on tra de openness, macroeconomic stability, monetary and scal discipline and exible employment. To offset some of its worst effects, social spending increased steadily which, together with economic growth and employment creation, dramatically reduced absolute poverty from 38.6 part in 1990 to 13.7 percent in 2006 (ECLAC 2008), although it did relatively little to improve income distribution or lessen social inequalities and fragmentation in education, health, and social protection (Solimano 2009).Explanations for this continuity are manifold, including the formidable constraints placed onthe impropriety of the rst Concertacion governments by authoritarian enclaves in the political system that granted right-wing political opposer important veto powers the resistance of business interests whose power increased as a result of market reforms the flunk of other civil society actors, particularly labor a political culture eager to vacate the kind of political confrontation that preceded t he military coup and the adoption of market-oriented ideas by key decision makers inwardly the centerleft coalition itself (e.g. Kurtz 2003 Castiglioni 2005 Borzutzky and Weeks 2010 Ewig and Kay 2011). The result of this complex and contradictory process has been described as a Chilean thirdly Way characterized by an unwavering commitment to trade liberalization and privatization despite considerable public opposition and a predisposition to a policy process that discourages participation by civil society and rank-and-le party members, while affording business access to thehighest reaches of government (Sandbrook et al. 2007, 16465).This set-up makes some policy areas more amenable to equity-enhancing reforms and innovations than others. As the economic model rests upon a exible and restrictive labor regime (Frank 2004), social policy is largely conned to enhancing workers ability to compete on the market and to mitigating some of the worst risks that unregulated and precarious em ployment entails. This goes a long way to explain why the two socialist-led governments of Ricardo Lagos (20002006) and Michelle Bachelet (20062010) spearheaded health reform, pension reform and childcare service expansion in order to enhance equity, while shying away from reforms related to the countrys labor market where many of the fundamental social inequalities originate. While theBachelet administrations employment policy and labor relations have been described as disappointing, (Lopez 2009 Sehnbruch 2009), it did turn social protection into a key priority. The conceptual pillars of her strategy included a life-course approach to social protection and the attempt to introduce a rights-based perspective (Hardy 2011).The latter materialized in a gradual lifting of budgetary restrictions on social assistance7 and the progressive relaxation of eligibility requirements for accessing a range of benets. The life-course approach, in turn, is captured in repeatedly stated commitments to create equal opportunities and protect citizens from the cradle to old age. Tellingly, its translation into policy focused on the two extremes of the life course, namely the reform of the pension system and Chile Crece Contigo, an integrated early childhood protection system that included the massive expansion of childcare services. The working-age population remained caught in the middle with persistently low employment quality, including a high level of job instability and the limited reach of employment-based rights and benets, a scenario that disproportionately affects women workers (Sehnbruch 2009).8 Thus, the attempt to square greater equity and social inclusion with an open economy inuenced the scope and locus of policy change during the Bachelet administration. While acquiring greater visibility, social protection remained subordinate to macroeconomic goals, including those related to employment, understood as not interfering with job creation through greater regulation a nd rights for workers. In this context, it is particularly move that a highly controversial employment-related reform was introduced under the new right-wing government of Sebastian Pinera (2010) which, in 2011, expanded (women) workers rights through a reform of maternity leave regulations.

Pride and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Pride and Prejudice EssayThe concept of love is substantial and endured throughout an healthy race in Jane Austens novel, Pride and Prejudice. She successfully incorporates different examples of pairing in nineteenth century and distinguishes the holy brformer(a)hood from the discouraging marriage. The definition of authoritative love is caring for soulfulness unconditionally. It means putting some superstar before yourself and not asking for anything in return. There argon a build of different examples of marriage in the novel, simply Elizabeth, Jane, and Lydias marriages are the best examples of a perfect marriage, easily-influenced marriage ,and a hopeless marriage. It is emphasized that Elizabeth and Darcy allow for have the happiest marriage within the novel be bewilder of their commited family relationship with each other. The perfect marriage between a man and a charwoman in the nineteenth century would probably be centered around Elizabeth and Darcys marriage . Elizabeths point of reference was always honest to herself and especially to others. Her defiant position made her stand out from the rest of the women according to Darcy.Although Elizabeth did not love Darcy at first, her love developed through the ups and downs of their relationship. Once Darcy figured out that he could not win the substance of Elizabeth by assembly and being prideful, he started to change for the better good of their relationship. Elizabeth fell head ever soywhere heels for Darcy and accepted his proposal, The contentment which this reply produced, was such as he had probably never felt before and he uttered himself on the occasion as sensibly and as warmly as a man violently in love can be supposed to do (Austen 200).Once she realized that he had a change of heart and his affectionate love for her was unconditional, Elizabeth knew that her marriage with Darcy would be one to lead for a lifetime time in complete and utter happiness. Love at first sight is not authentic in some cases. It takes time to love one another to recognize each others flaws and weaknesses. The ability to exceed our flaws and problems with our significant other helps us to develop authentic love with our checkner. Jane and Bingleys relationship was not produced over time, yet they knew that they were soul mates after two dances at the ball.The reason why Bingley came into town was to buzz off a wife It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in self-denial of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife (Austen 1). Their marriage and relationship will probably be amusing and entertaining in the beginning, but their marriage will kind of or later fall apart. Since they barely knew each others faults and weaknesses before they entered into marriage, their relationship might crumble because of the deficiency of stability each other has in their relationship. Jane and Bingleys character are both described as innocent tidy sum in society.For e xample, Elizabeth describes Janes character as, Affectation of candour is common enough one meets with it everywhere. But to be candid without ostentation or design to take the good of everybodys character and exploit it still better, and say nothing of the bad belongs to you alone (Austen 29). Rather than making their own decisions, they usually attend the commands of others and depend on other peoples judgments. The main reason why many people elope rather than marry into a relationship is due to the fact that they want to make their relationship official as soon as possible.A rushed marriage will only cause more problems because it is partially due to get it over with, or to hide their relationship from the people that they love. Lydia and Wickhams marriage was an elopement rather than a real marriage. Both characters acted upon their foolishness instead of their heart and mind. Lydias character was described as, Her character will be fixed, and she will, at sixteen, be the mos t determined flirt that ever made herself and her family ridiculous.A flirt, too, in the worst and meanest degree of flirtation without any attraction beyond youthfulness and a tolerable person and from the ignorance and emptiness of her mind, wholly unable to ward off any mess of that universal contempt which her rage for admiration will excite. In this danger Kitty is also comprehended. She will follow wherever Lydia leads. Vain, ignorant, idle, and absolutely uncontrolled (Austen 156). Infatuation also played a huge part within Lydias relationship towards Wickham. He knew that he could easily sweep Lydia off her feet because she was the youngest and most unripe one in the Bennet family.Wickham was self-indulgent in his plan to fancy Lydia. All Wickham ever valued was money and pleasure, he did no precaution for Lydia as much due to his self-contempt. Since Wickham was in finnancial trouble with creditors, he made the foolish mistake of eloping with Lydia to get out of town. His decision proved that he did not care about Lydias reputation, but only himselfs. Although love may develop in a variety of ways, there should still be the distinction between infatuation and authentic love. Infatuation does not last as long as authentic love does, rather it sets a person up for heart breaks and instability.The elopement of Lydia and Wickham are the perfect example of infatuation because Lydia only loved Wickham for his devious ways of fancing her and Wickham only loved Lydia for her money and her being as an excuse to get out of town. Jane and Bingleys marriage defined love, but not authentic love. They knew each others strengths and priorities, but they did not know each others flaws and weaknesses. Both Jane and Lydias marriage are the ones to be slightly less felicitous compared to Elizabeths marriage because they did not with hold the unconditional love that Darcy and Elizabeth had for each other.In order to have a healthy long-living marriage, both persons within the relationship need to know each others strengths and weaknesses, and are willing to help one overcome their flaws. The love they should have for each other should be establish upon the love that Darcy has for Elizabeth. He put Elizabeth before himself and his problems in order to prove his devotion towards her. Austen made Elizabeth and Darcys relationship the ideal marriage in order to show society how a man and woman should love each other.

Chinese philosophy Essay Example for Free

Chinese philosophy EssayThe 6th century B. C. E. was an amazing time of philosophical suppuration for ancient China. It was during that time that the two most influential spiritual leaders native to China, Confucius and Lao-tzu, be ideal to have lived and taught. The philosophies that they practiced, Taoism and Confucianism, existed simultaneously in dynastic China, attracting countless numbers of followers over the past 2,500 years. The bewitchment of both the Eastern and Western worlds with these two legendary figures and the philosophies that they created remains strong. The Old MasterLao-tzu, translated as all(a) Old Master or Old Boy, is believed to be the author of Taoism. Very little is known of his brio he may non all the same have existed. According to myth, at his birth around 604 B. C. E. , Lao-tzu came from the uterus as an old man, white-haired and full of wisdom. He eventually took a position as mountain pass librarian of the Imperial Archives. Saddened by societys lack of goodness, Lao-tzu decided to leave his home in Luoyang to live forth the rest of his life in quiet and solitude somewhere beyond the Great Wall of China, maybe near Tibet.As he passed through the city gates for the final time, the gatekeeper asked Lao-tzu to write round off his parting thoughts. The Old Master agreed, and three days later returned with a small book. Lao-tzu then left hand civilization, never to return. His writings were titled the Tao Te Ching, and became the most important text of Taoism. The Vinegar Tasters Lao-tzu smiles while the Buddha and Confucius resile aft(prenominal) they taste-test vinegar. The philosophies of ancient China are summarized in the faces of its three most colorful characters.According to Taoism, the completed universe and everything in it flows with a mysterious, unknowable force called the Tao. Translated literally as The appearance, the Tao has many different meanings. It is the lift that describes ultimate realit y. The Tao also explains the powers that drive the universe and the wonder of human nature. Taoists believe that everything is one despite all appearances. Opinions of good and evil or true and false only happen when people forget that they are all one in the Tao. Therefore, it is the aim of Taoists not to forget, and if forgotten to remember that oneness.However, Lao-tzu reminds believers that the Tao is difficult to grasp the Tao that tooshie be spoken is not the true Tao. Over time a Taoist religion evolved, worthy somewhat different from the philosophy of Taoism just described. While religious Taoism held some of the same beliefs, it also called for holiness of many gods and ancestors, a practice that began during the Shang dynasty. Other religious practices included the cultivation of bodily energy called chi, the world of a system of morals, and use of alchemy in attempts to attain immortality.The folk religion of Taoism became popular after its adoption by China as the s tate religion in 440 C. E. , and continues to be practiced even to the present-day. Confucius and the Analects The other driving philosophy of dynastic China was created by a politician, musician, and philosopher named Confucius. Born in 551 B. C. E. , Confucius wandered throughout China, first as a government employee, and later as a political adviser to the rulers of the Chou dynasty. In later life, Confucius left politics to teach a small group of students. afterwards his death in 479 B. C. E. , the ethics and moral teachings of Confucius were written down by his students to become the Lun-yu, or Analects. many another(prenominal) of his clever sayings are still followed today. It is as hard to be poor without complaining as to be rich without becoming arrogant. Lao-tzu, the founder of Taoism Lao-tzu, known as the Old Master, wrote his parting thoughts on the Tao or The Way before he left civilization. The Tao Te Ching, as this writing came to be known, has influenced million s during the last 2,500 years.Learning to be human was the goal of Confucianism. According to Confucius, each person should act with virtue in all fond matters family, community, state, and kingdom, to ensure order and unity. Mans virtue in all its forms is called jen. Jen is all encompassing and unable to be defined, in some respects similar to the Tao. Confucian ceremonies contained many rituals based in the Five Classics, especially the I Ching, or Book of Changes. Procedures for birth, marriage, and death were rigid and specific.For example, according to Confucian funeral tradition, a willow branch is eternally carried behind the body of the deceased symbolizing the soul of that person. However, by far the most influential persuasion of Confucianism remains the Analects Not to teach a man who can be taught, is to waste a man to teach a man who cannot be taught, is a waste of words. The wise will retire neither men nor words. It was sayings such as this one that made Confuci anism the social philosophy of China from the Han dynasty in 202 B. C. E.until the end of dynastic rule in 1911. Rival Philosophies Taoism and Confucianism have lived together in China for tumesce over 2,000 years. Confucianism deals with social matters, while Taoism concerns itself with the search for meaning.They share common beliefs about man, society, and the universe, although these notions were around long before either philosophy. Both began as philosophies, each later taking on religious overtones. Legend states that Confucius and Lao-tzu did in fact meet to discuss the Imperial Archives.Lao-tzu was unimpressed by the beautiful robes worn by Confucius, and did not agree with looking back on the past. Put away your polite airs and your vain boast of fine robes. The wise man does not display his treasures to those he does not know. And he cannot learn evaluator from the Ancients. Regardless of the disagreements between Lao-tzu and Confucius, both Taoism and Confucianism ha ve served as guides. They have led China through the peaks and valleys of its Brobdingnagian history, the longest continuing story on the planet.

Morbid place Essay Example for Free

Morbid place probe topographic point thinks that Magwitch looks as though he is eluding the hands of the dead mickle, stretching up guardedly out of their graves, to get a twist upon his ankle and pull him in. There is a gibbet where a pirate had once been buried in the marshes and Pip looks at Magwitch as if he were the pirate espouse to life, and come down, and going back to hook himself up again. Dickens makes the reader wonder if that is how Magwitch is going to congruous his end. The descriptions from Pip ar very eloquent and show us that he has a wonderful imagination.In Dickenss time, criminals (and a person could be called this honest for stealing a loaf of bread for his/her family, or committing just about sort of petty crime) were thrown into prison house or put in rises. Hulks were old naval ships that had been converted into prisons the convicts were shackled so that there was less chance of escaping. If a person escaped from a hulk s/he was transported t o Australian on a ship that had atrocious living conditions, many concourse dies from disease or malnutrition before they arrive din Australia. People were thrown into the debtors prison when they got into any debt, rase if they only owed a little bit of funds.The person in debt was imprisoned indefinitely until the person who they owed the money was satisfied. Many debtors died in these prisons because of the terrible living conditions. This is extremely different to how it is now, and so the modern reader doesnt sympathize the situation. Today almost everyone is in some sort of debt mortgages, loans, overdrafts, and yet no one is thrown into prison for it. Magwitch speaks as though hes not very educated. He says wittles when he means victuals, partickler instead of particular and percooliar when he should say peculiar.Dickens uses phonetics to show his dialect and colloquialisms. This makes Magwitch come acrossm not very sophisticated. The littleer Pips dialogue shows that h e has had some sort of education as its a lot more educated than Magwitchs If you would kindlyly please to let me keep upright, sir, perhaps I shouldnt be sick. But when compared to the older Pips dialogue, we flock see that he became more educated It was a dressing-room and prominent in it was a draped table with a flamboyant looking-glass. take out Havisham and Estella seem to speak posh and rather snobby.When they are playing cards Estella says He calls the knaves get up She obviously thinks that her way of talking is proper. Dickens shows the reader how the different classes spoke in Victorian time from the poor and uneducated (Magwitch) to the wealthy and refined (Miss Havisham). We dont see a great deal of Estella and Dickens leaves the reader asking questions who is the young and pretty girl and what is she doing in such a morbid place? But what we do see isnt very nice. Although she is a beautiful girl she is very vindictive. what coarse hands he has.And what thic k boots She makes Pip obtain ashamed of himself and doesnt even say his name she talks as if she is speaking about him to someone else, as if she could never lower her standards enough to talk to such a common thing. She put the patsy down and on the stones of the yard, and gave me the bread and meat without looking at me, as insolently as if I were a dog in disgrace. She isnt satisfied until she makes Pip lean against the wall and cry and watched him twist his whisker with bitter frustrations. Miss Havisham is unusual because although aged, she is not unify.In Dickenss England a woman was expected to get married and then look after her married man and children for the rest of her life. This was necessary because women relied on their fathers, then their husbands. Without a husband how would a woman survive if her father died? Or ran into debt? This is another situation were that the modern reader finds unusual. These days, women pass equal rights and do not need to get marr ied. Dickens makes us feel some kind of consideration for Miss Havisham during our first meeting with her The bride within the bridal dress had withered analogous the dress, and like the flowers She seems like an injured soul and we comprehend why when she says her heart is broken The reader wonders how come Miss Havisham is in her unmarried state and this makes us feel sorry for her. She lives in the dark, keeping all the light-colored out as if she cant bear to face the world. Then the readers attitude towards her changes when we realise that Miss Havisham just wants Pip for a plaything and we begin to feel less kind towards her. When she goes as far as telling Estella to beggar him and break his heart we definitely we definitely start to dislike her.The reader doesnt feel that Pip is safe with her. The differences between the happenings now and in Great Expectations make the modern reader surprise and mystified, but still able to relate to Pips story. Great Expectations is ca n still be related to now because at some point, everyone goes through the struggles that Pip must battle. It shows that assets and wealth do not change who people are inside, and that finding ones self can be a long tedious process until ultimately everything becomes clear.Dickens wrote Great Expectations as a way for him to introduce himself into his writing many aspects of his life can be found in the book, making it very autobiographical. It was also a way of making his feelings know about the social issues in England in his time. He tells the reader not to judge people, as appearances are very deceptive. The moral of the story seems to be that no matter how you change your outward appearance and how much you educate yourself, you cant change who you really are.

The past on the present Essay Example for Free

The past times on the present EssayShe sits very primly and waits for her sisters return. Williams also tells us that she has had a troubled past, and has trouble with alcohol Ive got to keep hold of myself, said to herself after she drinks some whisky from a drinks cabinet, then wipes her glass as if to show that she hasnt drunk any, as if wanting people to compute of her as pure and untouched. Her trouble with alcohol is reflected several times through the play, as she drinks a lot, temporary hookup pretending not to do so. This shows us that she has something to hide from her friends and family.And she is also very nervous, probably since shes in virgin surroundings, as she jumps when the shake off screeches. It is interesting how Williams uses music and sound effects to support the scene, like the Varsouviana or the cat screeching. In this case, this accentuates the tension and nervousness in Blanche, and shows the consultation that she is close to a nervous breakdown. Blanches long monologue to her sister is a sign to us of her mental breakdown, exhibiting to us her increasing burden over the years.She seems to be overly selfish, by implying that she was some sort of angel, when she knows shes not I did not lie in my heart, a line that is uttered later in the play to Stanley. Blanche paints a very grim picture of her dying(p) relatives, save this morbid recollection gives us an idea of her suffering and sorrow in the past at Belle Reve. Belle Reve, in French, liter eachy translates as Beautiful Dream, and this beautiful dream was shattered for Blanche. Another way that Williams dramatises the past is through the taking apart of Blanches trunk by Stanley.We can establish that Stanley believes that the Du Bois were extremely well off, shown by the high-class accessories that Blanche owns The treasure chest of a pirate We realise that Blanche used the stuff in her games of subjugation in her home town, but only as the play progresses, and we al so realise that these games dont form on Stanley, since he isnt taken in by her wiles, as he later says, Some men atomic number 18 took in by this Hollywood stuff, some men are not. Even though Blanche is not the payoff of conversation, we can deduce that Stanley is directly referring to her.When Williams first introduces the boy, Allen, we are left in thought, since he tells us naught other that the boy and Blanche were married, and that he died. But when Stanley rips open a stack of Allens poems, we are shown Blanches history entirely in a rush. She says that I hurt him the way you would like to hurt me, but you cant. This is directed at Stanley, and shows the audience that Blanche not completely stupid, and knows that Stanley is out to break the bond between herself and Stella.She plain refers to herself, indirectly, unbeknown to Stanley, when look that Belle Reve was lost piece by piece through epic fornications, or to her male relatives and ancestors. Williams could be suggesting that women were victims at Belle Reve, while the men were the rulers, which also relates to Stanleys old-fashioned ideas about the superiority of men. The Poker Night is very significant, since it shows the audience the complete contrast between Blanche and Stanley and his gang.We know that Blanche is portrayed dressed in white, while the men all flaunt bright, primitive colours. The brightness shows the men as full of life and zest, as compared with a melancholy and pure white, as worn by Blanche. And when Mitch talks to Blanche, she is reluctant initially to open up to him, but when she does, she tells him everything about her past, about the boy, and Belle Reve. This slow opening up is symbolic, since it shows that Blanche is closed up at first, until she intends she can perpetrate someone.Blanche is always taking baths, since she still believes herself to be unsullied and pure, and wants to maintain this. She thinks that by bathing, she can get liberate of the dir t that she collects on herself while in contact with Stanley, i. e. all his slandering against the Du Bois family name, and whom she believes to be lower than herself. But even she knows that everything she does is a fai ade, as she herself sings, Its a Barnum and Bailey world, Just as phony as it can be-But it wouldnt be hit if you believed in me, which is contrasted by dialogue between Stella and Stanley, when Stanley takes apart her story.Even Blanche realises that she is living a lie, but doesnt think that anyone else realises that, and that she can continue living in her dream world. Williams tells us that since Blanche couldnt deal with the death around her at Belle Reve, she turned to sex, to the kindness of strangers. She has always relied on this to get her through, to make sure that she has a warm cognize to sleep at night.But her past association with many men have given her a reputation in her home town, and this is dramatised by the gradual decay of her mental facilit ies, as she realises that her act doesnt work any more on men. So unless she finds some permanent shelter, she leave be left without anyone who will acknowledge her, everyone needs to be acknowledged. A Streetcar Named Desire is a very interesting play, in which the playwright, Tennessee Williams, successfully dramatises the influence of the past on the present through the use of music, stage directions and the actions of the characters.

Robert frost- the road not taken Essay Example for Free

Robert frost- the road not taken EssayLife is estimable of obstacles that let been throw our counselling to see who is the strongest to survive, near make it to the end and some suffer much in the process. When people open up to different opportunities, it is the initial response by human constitution to pick the opportunity that will give you the most(prenominal) benefit. The concept of having to pick between two course of actions has been identify in the poesy The Road Not Taken by Robert ice. There experience been times when a person had to choose a specific path that they though they should take but the truth of the case was it ended up being the wrong choice. In life it is normal for people to make mistakes because we were not created and put in this world to be perfect. Nothing in life faeces be prefect because on that point is sadness along side happiness. When reading this verse form it is as if I am in this metrical composition and I was watching from the sidelines but I evict read into the poets mind.Poems like this ar rare the instruction they are told with such vivid imagery sets the scenery up in the readers mind. The diction hoar uses to retrace the f each(prenominal) season so adequately and imbeds it in the poem to run it more smoothly. In the starting time stanza, freezing says And looked d take bingle as far as I could / To where it bent in the undergrowth, with such poetic significance that he is smell as far as he can into the two roads on one autumn day. He implies that he is sorry in the indorse line because he has a form of regret that he cannot travel both of the roads laid ahead of him at once.Not only are these the paths to another day but also they are the paths to his future. That is when Frost freezes and has to decide which one would most benefit him. Now he is forced by his own willpower to stumble upon the second road to which he continues to talk nearly.By using play on enunciates such as just a nd fair he confuses the reader. Frost has a virile focusing of making a poem deform a fib line by having the reader escort his thoughts. Frost has the power of using similes when he compares the roads to being fair. Moving through the second stanza he explains that he chose the second road only because he thought it was the rode less taken by each other human.He uses vivid phrases like it wasgrassy and wanted wear which makes it known to the readers of this poem that the path he chose to take was the path that not a lot of other people took because it looked fresh without whatsoever footsteps. Right when the reader thinks he has figured the poet out, Frost goes and complicates our understanding by comparing the two paths and declaring them equalize to one another.Like every great poet, the reader finds everything out line-by-line, which makes his writing more of a enigma than a straight ship poem. In the beginning of the third stanza we learn that it is in concomitant mo rning when Frost decides to take the road he has chosen. We figure that out because he writes, And both that morning equally lay. Does he realize that the reason why the road does not look used is because he might be the graduation exercise person that day to take that path down to success or failure?Frost uses more fancy words in the poem to confuse us but sincerely when he states In leaves no step had trodden black. he mentions the leaves oasist turned black because people havent stepped on them or crushed them. Just like how the leaves survive the night, he compared it to himself in hopes that he will survive as well. Including an epiphany in the writing by saying Oh, I kept the first for another day not only shows us regret but also shows us some hopes he has in going grit one day and taking the road he did not choose the first time around.The next two lines where Frost wrote Yet knowing how way leads on to way, / I doubted if I should ever come endure. really explain the chances of being able to go back are one in a million. It would be foolish of him to think he would have a chance at something that can change in a second.In the final stanza of this great and powerful poem, Frost changes the tense of this poem to where he is in the future looking back to his choices. He uses the word sigh that can portray galore(postnominal) meaning as if he said it from happiness or sadness or he is just reflecting upon his experience. But when Frost states Somewhere ages and ages hence it is obvious that this story he tells us, he will keep telling it many years from now. With a neat way of repeating the first line of the poem he brings his story to an end.The form repetition is used to wait on put emphasis on the importance of the poem andwith that he says Two roads diverged in a wood, and I in which he compares himself to the road where he is standing. Frost reflects on his decision of taking the one less traveled in confidences that it has made him more uniq ue. And he ended the poem by expressing his experiences and looking back into his decisions. Frost realizes that if he were to take the road not traveled he would not have experienced all that he did. This ending of the poem shows ambiguity because he wants the richest experience possible.Thinking back on this poem helps us understand life much more, the fact that life is full of irony. In particular to this poem, the title of the poem itself is ironic because it is called The Road Not Taken where in fact he puts more emphasis on the road he DID take. This whole poem has been based around dreams, choices, hopes, and plans for the future. The fact that he uses nature as his surrounding he is metaphorically comparing it to life itself. If you were to dissect this poem further, you would realize that the poem is contradicting the way it is set up.While reading a poem about paths and choices it really it only leads you to think of your own struggles you have been through. I never realiz ed how much I have regretted some of the choices I have made in my life. The only difference between my life and this poem was that I had to choose between not one or two paths but three. It also gets harder to recite which path you want when all the paths give you exactly one thing you treasure most.This poem connects to me personally because when I was starting high school I had to make a decision whether I wanted to stay with the crowd of friends I had that included some friends my parents didnt like or to make innovative friends which meant I had to open up to people, or initially take it one day at a time even if it meant to hurt my parents and go against their decisions. Ultimately it was somewhat of a loss to me because in any choice I made I disjointed something that was most important to me.I value companionship so much but I value my parents and their opinion so much more. Until this day I think about how my life would have been different if I didnt make the decision I did. Life is honestly too short to live with regret but that doesnot mean that at that place wont be moments where you wish you had done something differently.I am proud of the path I chose and made revolutionary friends because in the end I was able to make my parents proud because they liked my new group of friends and I became apart of a new social circle. I never had anything handed to me in my life, whatever I wanted and wished for I was the one in charge for it. Just like Robert Frost I had to stand there and look as far as I could into my future to be able to make the choice that would be most right for me.Even though I lost so many friends that I was once close to, it helped me mature and also became a strong person. In this world we live in, we have to lose certain things to be able to gain more challenges that bring about second nature to us. The take of my choice of choosing to make new friends was that I gained more of my parents trust, attention, and love.Love is the most important thing other than health for a family to share. Frost showed me that in order to move forward in life, no matter how uncertain, you just have to give it a try and see what the outcome is. Sometimes it wont be the outcome in which you wanted to acquire but it rule necessarily be one that you dread for the rest of your life. There will be moments where you will lie in on the past and hoped you had taken another road but you have to focus on the future. smell back now, I do not regret the choice I made even if it conglomerate losing some friends that had turned into family. Not everything in life is meant to be regretful. There are so many wonderful aspects of life we never figure out because we are too busy worrying about how difficult an obstacle may be. God and life itself puts obstacles in our way to show us we can overcome any hardships. I knew by making my choice to make new friends I myself would become a better person. Just like the ending of Robert Frosts poem And that has made all the difference.

Electromagnetic radiation Essay Example for Free

Electromagnetic radiation Es advanceElectromagnetic waves argon disturbances caused by the oscillation of charged particles. It consists of both parts, an electric field and a magnetic field oscillating perpendicular to each other. The wave is self-sustaining, and propagates at a direction perpendicular to both the electric field and magnetic field. There is a all told spectrum of electromagnetic waves. The ones with the overnight wavelengths (range 1 cm-1km) are the radio waves. After the radio waves, microwaves have the next longest wavelength (range 1mm-10cm).Then, we have the infrared waves (range 1m-1mm), followed by get awayly (range 400nm-700nm), ultraviolet rays (range 1nm-100nm), x-rays (range 0. 1nm-10nm), and gamma rays, which have the shortest wavelengths amongst the different electromagnetic radiations (range 0. 01nm-0. 1nm). b. How you determine the temperature, composition, and motion of an purpose from its light spectrum? Different elements emit and absorb light waves differently. Hence, when viewed through a spectroscope, different elements entrust have different ghostlike patterns.The objects composition is obtained from noting which spectral lines are stage or absent. We can also determine the density of the object depending on the amount of lines present in the spectrum. The more(prenominal) lines and the more continuous the spectrum, the denser is the material. On the other hand, the temperature of the object will affect the shapes spectral lines emitted by the object. If objects have spirited temperatures, their spectral lines will be broader, that is, it is spread over more frequencies than if it had spurn temperature.To determine temperature, Finally, the Doppler Shift tells us the motion of the object, whether it is pathetic away or toward us, and with what speed. When the observed object is moving toward us, the spectral lines we observe occur at shorter wavelengths when we compare it to those measured in the laborat ory. This is called blueshifted. On the other hand, if the object is moving away from us we observe the lines to occur at longer wavelengths. In this case we say that the lines are redshifted. The amount of shifting will determine the speed of motion. c.In what way do astronomers come that the Suns efficiency comes from atomic alliance reactions? How do we know it does not come from chemical substance burning? Even though both nuclear fusions and chemical reactions result in the release of nil, nuclear fusions release much more energy than chemical reactions. This is due to the nature of each reaction. Given that the energy that the fair weather produces is extremely spicy, it is impossible that chemical reactions are fuelling it, for if that were the case, then the cheerfulness will not be producing enough energy to sustain spiritedness on Earth.If it were chemical reactions powering it, it would be producing roughly one-millionth of the energy it is producing now. d. Ex plain how the Sun produces energy by nuclear fusion. Because of the amount of matter present in the sun, it is in danger of imploding. What keeps this from happening, however, is the nuclear fusion that occurs in its core, which is so hot because of the pressure from its mass that is being pulled in by gravity. In the core, hydrogen nuclei are forced to come together. This fusion creates helium-4 and energy.Since the resulting He-4 atoms are less vast than the initial hydrogen atoms that fused together, the missing mass is what was trans organize into energy. This is best explained by the most celebrated equation in Physics, E=mc2, which states the equivalence of mass and energy. e. When we look at stars in the sky, we see a wide range of brightness. Explain the factors that would make one star appear brighter than another. There are devil factors that affect the brightness of stars in the sky. The first one is the inherent characteristic of the star, which dictates how absolute ly bright or luminous it will be.The second factor that affects the way we see stars is their distance from the earth. The farther they are, the dimmer they would appear. This is because the light they emit would need to pass through interstellar matter that could disperse, absorb or reflect the light in different directions. f. Compare the Sun with other stars. The Sun is called such by virtue of its position, that is, it is in the center of the solar system. Technically, however, the sun is also a star. It differs from other stars in its size, temperature, age, and color. The Sun is a dominate star, about 4.5 billion years old, and is classified as yellow, which means that it has an average temperature of about 6000 K. Hotter stars are classified as blue- flannel, while cooler stars are red. g. Consider a star at the velocity part of the principal(prenominal) sequence (label it Star A) and a star in the lower part of the main sequence (label it Star B). Which is 1) Larger? Star A 2) much luminous? Star A 3) More massive? Star A 4) Hotter? Star A h. Compare the life spans of low mass stars and high mass stars. Explain why they are different. The life span of low mass stars is longer than the life spans of high mass stars.The reason for this is that the higher the mass of the star, the more hydrogen is needed to undergo fusion to keep the star from collapsing under its own gravitational force. i. What would an imaginary terrestrial observer see as the Sun runs out of hydrogen? If life is confined to Earth when this happens, would life perish from heat or from cold? Explain. As the Sun runs out of hydrogen fuel, it will start consuming helium. This leads to the sun increase in radius, eventually turning it into a red giant. When this happens, the sun will grow so big(p) that it can engulf the earth.Life on Earth would perish from extreme heat. When the helium runs out, however, the sun will shrink to a white dwarf. The reason for this is that the sun is to o small to continue burning elements large than helium. j. What kind of stars eventually become white dwarfs? What kind eventually become supernovae? What will be the final fate of the Sun? Why? A white dwarf is an extremely dense star, with the mass of the sun and the size of the earth. It is composed of the remnants of stellar matter, which is mostly carbon and oxygen. In order to turn into a white dwarf, stars need to have a size of about 0.07-10 times that of the sun. On the other hand, a supernova is formed when a massive star consumes all of its nuclear fuel and thus collapses under its gravitational field. Because of the high gravitational force that causes its collapse, the dead star suddenly explodes. A star that is about 8-10 times more massive than the sun will end its life as a supernova. The ultimate fate of the sun is to become a white dwarf. The reason for this is that the sun is not very massive to turn into a supernova, thus lacking the critical mass that would ca use it to collapse under its own weight.