Genetically Modified Food Essay

Mommy, a five year-old child states, this food is tastier than the other kind. The reason for this is childly genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is modification of a plants or animals DNA. Scientists do this to enhance a genuine gene within the organism. Some opponents of genetically special food betoken that growing this kind of food ordain ruin the environment and the ecosystem permanently. In fact, genetically modified food is beneficial for the environment and for society. With the creation and habituate of genetically modified food, the initiation shall change forever.To begin with, GM (genetically modified) crops ar able to be used for aesculapian purposes. Meaning, these modified plants receive medical benefits that prevent arsecer and other diseases (Institute 32). Medically, this is extremely important because thousands of commonwealth encounter died to freightercer. The valet de chambre would be a better place without hindquarterscer. non scarce doe s this help people, a plant tramp be made to enkindle more nutrients that ar essential (Manning 10). A persons immune system can be boosted to help fight off viruses and other bad organisms.Sadly, 800 one million million people around the world atomic number 18 undernourished (Pence 58), causing diseases to unthaw rampant. In the medical world, rampant diseases can cause harm to millions of people. Not only this but 400 million child bearing women have iron deficiency and 100 million children suffer from blindness from Vitamin A deficiency (Penning 58). This is unfortunate in all aspects. People do non deserve to die due to spoiled or a shortage of food. GM food can help people. Without a doubt, medical engagement of GM food is essential.A nonher piece of evidence that shows GM crops in their finest is their tactics in feeding the world. One conclusion can be pull from the fact that GMOs Genetically Modified Organisms provide healthier food for fireers farm animals (Insti tute 32). The healthier an animal eats, the better the animal is to slang. The meat and milk from animals bequeath have more nutrients. Not only this, the government backs up GMOs and says these can feed millions of people in third world countries (Manning 10). People that are living in poverty can be fed and non die due to unsuitable conditions.Once again, people do not deserve to parish due to starvation. Mr. Pence states that GM crops are the tools for feeding the world (59). For this world feeding tactic, he states the truth better crops and better animals will founder food last longer or have bigger quantities to manage with the world. This means that countries akin Brazil can change. Brazil is able to repugn the big five food exporters of the world (How 11). The fact is clear the genetically modified foods can feed the world. Additional proof that GM foods are beneficial to the people of the world is their environmental benefits.Mr. Pollan shares his thoughts by saying that bioengineering is the replacement of expensive and toxic chemicals (15). What he means is that the environment will not need to endure through as much of the foul chemicals that farmers have to use to eradicate insects. This leads to the point that farmers has not to spray any thing, has not to dust anything (Manning 68) and does not need to destroy the environment. This can give the vulgarism a break from the plagues that are weed killer and insecticide. Not only is the flat coat being saved, inseparable land marks can be saved.For example, the forests of the virago are being deforested for land. However, with the help of GMOs, Brazil can use the plains and farmland they have better (How 2). Forests can then be saved because countries like Brazil can then use the entire land spell for what it is worth and more. As the evidence clearly shows, genetically modified organisms can benefit the environment. Finally, the most important piece of evidence that genetically modifie d foods are beneficial for humanity is its effect on crops as a whole.To begin with, plants have improved nutrition (Institute 31). For people who want to doze off weight, this is a plus. The reason of this is that the person can eat less and button up feel healthy. Not only this, the use of biotechnology can make a crop more resistant to pestiss, herbicides, or disease (Manning 10). A pest can be defined as a grasshopper, beetle, locust, and other animals that consume farm crops. Hundreds of crops can now be saved due the natural insecticide (instrument for killing insects).Not only this, unwanted plants, such as weeds, can be killed without the crop being affected. A natural herbicide resistance can cut down on the amount required by farmers to kill a plant. Finally, disease resistant plants are actually important. The Great Potato Famine of 1840 showed what one disease can do. If a disease like that struck a major crop field, millions of people could starve. This absolutely proves the importance of GMOs. Shockingly, as stated, countries like Brazil can go from zero to hero with benefits from GMOs (How 11).If the entire world could be like this, world hunger could end. Only one conclusion can be drawn genetically modified crops are extremely beneficial to the world. Overall, the world as we know it is being affected by biotechnology. This is an extremely good thing With society being able to prosper, the world can become a better place. Learning about GM food in a community can help support biotechnology and all of its benefits. This can be an important decision. If the world shall change, why not change for everyones benefit.

History and Physical Examination Essay

Admitting Diagnosis Stomatitis possibly methotrexate related Chief Complaint Swelling of lips causing worry swallowing History of register Illness This patient is a 57-year-old Cuban woman with a retentive history of rheumatoid arthritis. She has received methotrexate on a both week basis as an outpatient for many years. Approximately two weeks ago she highly- demonstrable a respiratory infection for which she received antibiotics and completed that course of antibiotics. She developed some ulceration of her mouth and was instructed to discontinue the methotrexate approximately 10 days ago. She showed some initial improvement but over the start 3-5 days has had malaise, a low-grade fever and severe ad-lib alterations with obstacle in swallowing although she can drink liquids with less difficulty. Patient denies any separate problems at this point except for flare of arthritis since discontinuing the methotrexate. She has rather diffused chafe involving both large and small joints this has caused her some anxiety. Medications Prednisone 7.5 mg PO daily. Estradiol 0.5 mg PO QAM. Mobic 7.5 mg PO daily. Recently quit because of questionable allergic reaction HCTZ 25 mg PO every other day and oral calcium supplements. In the past she has been on pencillamine, azathioprine and hydroxychloroquine but she has not had Azulfidine, cyclophosphamide or chlorambucil.Allergies none by historyFamily and Social History noncontributoryPhysical Examination This is a chronically ill appearing female alert oriented and cooperative. She moves with great difficulty because of fatigue and malaise. Vital Signs Blood pressure 107/80. Heart rate ascorbic acid and regular respirations 22. HEENT normal cephalic. No scalp lesions. Dried eyes withconjuctival injection. daft exophthalmos. Dry nasal mucosa. Mark cracking bleeding in her lips with erosions of the mucosa. She has a large ulceration of the mucosa at the bite margin on the left. She has some scattered ulcerations on her heart and soft pallets. She has difficulty outset her mouth because of pain. Tonsils not enlarged. No visible exudate. Skin She has some diffused ecchymosis on her pare down and some erythema. She has patches but no obvious skin break down. She has some fissuring in the buttix crease. Pulmonary Clear to precaution and alcostation bi by and byally. cardiovascular No murmurs or galaps noted.Abdomen Soft. None tender. Protuberant no organomegaly and lordly bowel sounds. Neurologic Exam Cranial nerves 2-12 are grossly intact. Diffuse hyporeflexia. Muscular Skeletal Corrosive destructive changes in the elbows, wrists, and men consistent with rheumatoid arthritis. Has bilateral total knee replacements with stovepipe legs and perimalleolar play off edema 1 +. I feel no pulses distally in either leg. Psychiatric Patient is a little anxious just about these new symptoms and their significance. We discussed her situation and I offered her psychological services. She refused for no w.Problems1. Swelling of lips and dysphasia with questionable earlier Stevens- Johnsons syndrome.2. Rheumatoid arthritis class 3 stage 4.3. Flare of arthritis after discontinuing methotrexate.4. Osteoporosis with condensate fracture.5. Mild dehydration.6. Nephrolithiasis.7. Anxiety.Plan1. Admit patient for IV hydration and intervention of oral ulcerations.2. Obtain a dermatology consult.3. IV leucovorin volition be started and the patient will be put on high dose corticosteroids.4. Considering patients anxiety maybe obtain services of Stella Rose Dickinson PHD Psychology at a later date.X______________________________________________Liam Medina, MD meshing 06/22/-Case Study 5 open fire SummaryPatient Name Fanny CopelandPatient ID 115463Date of bear 10/26/Age 58Sex FemaleDate of Admission 04/26/-Date of Discharge 05/01/-Procedure Performed CT scan.Ms. Copeland is seen for her abridgment conference from her work up here at Hillcrest Memory symptomatic Center. I initially saw h er on 04/28/- at which duration there was the suspicion of depression. She has since had CAT scan of the brain with contrast of 04/30/- which was unremarkable. Laboratories studies were completely negative to include normal thyroid function B12 and RPR. She had a formal neurophysiological battery with Dr. Stella Dickinson on 04/26/- she scored 136 on the hallucination rating scale, which is within normal limits for her age.The test result were consistent with indulgent cognitive defaces manifested by problems with concept formation. Attention and concentration and verbal store. but the patient is significantly depressed which can produce some memory problems. Her past MRI suggests someone who is experiencing stress. Impression There was no clinical evidence of dementia but there is evidence of a depressive sickness as the cause of her symptom etiology. No further suicidal or homicidal ideation are present. Recommendations We recommend a psychiatric evaluation and treatment wit h re-testing in our facility in one years time.

Halfway House Essay

The crisis of individuality and breakdown of communication in human traffic and contributeant tragic effect of boredom and despair constitute the infrastructure of Rakeshs play, Aadhe Adhure, which is by far is take up play, devastatingly exposing the fragmented personalities and broken images in a disintegrated society. N. Choudhuri, (Hindi Drama, Con evanescent Indian Literature) Mohan RakeshsHalfway House scum bag be viewed as an exploration of nub and individualism in the tempestuousness of changing social and familial structures.Although the play seeks to construct the hunting for individuality inwardly the unfulfilling, incomplete nature of bourgeois existence as a universal non-gendered experience along Existential lines as its primary c at oncern, it in the end deals with many a(prenominal) followingions on a broader socio- frugal context on Realist lines. In the Prologue it self, the story of exploration of personal identity is introduced, when the Man in a Black admit exclaims,Who am I? Immediately the declaration takes an Existential tangent as the fruitlessness of such a search for meaning is asserted with the loudspeaker claiming,This is a question I have given up toilsome to face.He establishes the absurdity of identity by c totallying himselfamorphousand wispy, as some ace who wish all of us puts on a overbold mask and gives a new meaning to himself for different cause The fact is that there is something of me in each star of you and that is why, whether on or off stage, I have no separate identity. He whence asserts that no matter what the circumstance, what the situation and the gender, mans search for identity and meaning in life would always remain an absurd, indescribable, un positd and mistaken oddity.Even the characters of the play are seen to engage in a regular search of meaning and identity in life. In his essay,Uncertain circumstances, dim Individuals A study of Halfway House, S. G. Bhanegaonkar points out that modern psychology does non regard escapism as a symbol of failing but as a sensitive individuals go for to search for meaning which he does not find in the conditions he is placed in and hence, the characters of Halfway Housecan too be seen as being in a relentless quest for identity that transcends the turmoil of their fragmented existence.It is in sync with R. L. Nigams theory, of the main characters of play being involved in aself-madephenomenon ofthe souls search for an alternate sanctuaryin the absence of the sanctuary of kinfolk whichstood for a source of solace and moral stay to the individual in moments of crises. The search for identity and meaning in Halfway House is best articulated by the character of Savitri who seeks conclusion and reason in matrimonial bliss Why does one approach married? In arrange to fulfil a wish. an inner. oid, if you like to be self sufficient. complete. Since her own husbands fails to fulfil this inner emptiness, Savitri seeks marital happiness beyond conjugal relations in men who possess the qualities she had always aspired for in Mahendranath. Dilip Kumar Basu observes,The desire to look for completeness in the other may look like Everymans essential and unreasolvable problem, and may vaguely place her in the content of an Absurdist drama where the search may be considered tragic/ridiculous.Although the concept of Savitri quest meaning in life being defined in cost of her relations with men seems problematic in itself, the play tries to trick us into the generalisation that this is nothing but an experientialist quest for meaning in life. She is reported to be overwhelmed by Junejas power, affluence and mother wit of reason. Shivjeets intellectual prowess, his university degree and numerous trips abroad enamoured her. Jagmohans understanding nature, grit of humour, modernism, elite lifestyle and masculine pride held immense appeal for her.She was suppositional to be attracted to her now son-in-law , Manoj too, as his influential status had charmed her sufficiently. Savitri moves from one man to another in search of the perfect partner. The play tries to render this search as an illusion, an Absurdist attempt by denying Savitri the happiness she is looking for and making her realise that all men are the same and they all of them as in Kirti Jains wordswant to evade certificate of indebtedness and to exploit her. Mahendranath is shown to search for a new identity and reason female genitalia his existence by means of his relationship with Juneja.The economic crisis and his losing the identity of being the bread-earner of the family had change his position in the accommodate into a non-entity and affected his mind and plaza adversely. silent acceptance, perpetual snubs, constant insults, is all that I merit after so many years. He greatly resents his loss of entertain and influence in the family and is immensely unhappy to be regardedonly as a stamp of respectability to be used only when the need arises. Under such circumstances of changed power equations, Mahendranath earches for meaning in new relations build on a sense of understanding and shared respect, as is the case with Juneja. From Savitris perpetual insults and accusations and its subsequent repercussions in gift him an inferiority complex, Junejas friendship offered Mahendranath the alternate sanctuary of solace and nourish in the midst of an emotional and economic crisis within the family. He began to define himself in damage of his non-utility and unsuccessfulness, and thereby sought-after(a) solace in temporary acts of rebellion involving leaving the house and seeking meaning and mental quiet in his companionship with Juneja.Moreover due to his own lack of sentence and inability to take independent decisions, Mahendranath looked for identity assertion through mental dependence on others and in the early years of his marriage through a patriarchal control and restriction of Sav itris autonomy. The fact that Mahendranath eventually returns in the end using his own judgement, abandoning Junejas advice, establishes the futility of his search and once again, reiterates the Absurdist stance the play tries to partially incorporate.Ashok and Kinni explore the dynamics of identity on their own in their own world so as to break from the fearful existence of their wrangling parents. Ashok searches for his identity in an amorphous world, costless from reality and need, in the realm of idleness, impulsivity and romance. For no apparent reason at all, he quits his job at Air Freeze and alternatively spends his time either in lazing around uselessly or in courting a girl counterfeiting(a) in the Udyog Centre.The everyday rage between his parents distorts his sense of internal and thereby he looks for meaning and identity in an alternate world free of the pressure of shouldering family responsibility and of the tensions within the family. Even the talk he has with Binni about theairin the house echoes these sentiments about the search for meaning. The youngest character Kinni on the other hand, searches for an identity through her emerging adolescent sexuality and awareness of this sexuality, in the absence of a secure support mechanism at home, both economically and emotionally. effrontery the emotional instability in her house and the complete negligence with which she was treated, Kinni sought to define herself in terms of her insubordinateness, growing sexual knowledge, stubbornness, ill-mannerisms and arrogance. In the exist scene, Kinni trying to get out when the door is locked from inside and others trying to get in when she locks it from inside is again symbolic of a futile quest for identity and meaning in life, for even her defiance and obstinacy fails to get down things any different for the little girl.Binny too is shown to be in a relentless and shifting quest for a sanctuary, an identity. She elopes with Manoj not in an zes t of love and romantic urge but in search of an house away from home where she presumed she would find peace and protection. But however, when she experiences her husbands strict conservatism and fails to find any meaning in Manojs restrictive control within their conjugal relation, she looks for answers in a sense of defiance He likes my hair long, so I want to golf stroke it.He doesnt like me to work, so I want a job. But this again proves futile as she realises she is unable to execute her rebellious tendencies against the sub-ordination by her husband. Ultimately, she just returns to her enatic home in search for that inscrutablesomethingin their house that is thecause of all her troubleand that which refuses to desert her. However, Binni is never shown to exactly unravel this mysterycausethereby manifesting the absurdity of the consummate process of finding meaning in life.However, when their search for meaning in life and the subsequent despair and suffering is regarded o nly along existential lines, it thus forecloses the possibility of ever addressing the cause of the dilemma. All the characters quest for an identity beyond the home, the search for an alternate sanctuary besides being analysed as a technique of Absurdist Theatre can as well as be seen in terms of the alienation that comes with urbanization, the breakdown of joint family and the new emerging power-plays and conflicts within the nuclear family with no viable support system outside.The fact that Savitri never explores the arena of identity as an independent individual woman, a single(a) working woman but instead always defines herself in terms of fulfilment in her various relations with different men raises serious questions about the status of women as an autonomous individual in society. To extract R. L. Nigam,The one solution which could have lead to joy and fulfilment, and was available to her all the time, would need for its success, a regenerated society in whose value-syste m personal fulfilment and interpersonal responsibilities have been harmonised.In the demo social scenario, that solution would not work. Morever, Mahendranath and Savitri not finding meaning in their relationship can also be seen as the virtual breakdown of marriage as an institution. In our immediate-changing society and in the face of belated individualism of its members, the values and regards on which family and marriage have so far rested are fast losing their meaning and significance.Assertion of personal rights and freedoms within a group-unit (family) which necessarily involves inter-personal adjustments produces a situation of crisis because there are no principles to guide these adjustments, which necessarily involves inter-personal adjustments produces a situation of crisis because there are no principles to guide these adjustments which, in present context cannot be thought of in terms of surrender of one or the other party. All relations in the family need to be red efined with new structures of familial division of labour and the rise of the working women.As O. P. Sharma Prakash puts it,Halfway House is the crisis of arrogance of the individual. Modern man demands individual dignity as well as honour of is choice.. It represents the modern impressibility in all its intensity, form and dimensions. The fact that Manoj blamessomethingin Binnis maternal house as the cause of all trouble and then prevents her from working establishes that thesomethingis in reference to her mothers promiscuity which leads him to infer that permit women out of the house would always come with the threat of her infidelity.Moreover, Mohan Rakeshs juxtaposition of a monogamous husband with a woman whose defining lark is her promiscuity ironically at a time when theHindu wedding Act (1955)came into force outlawing polygamy to protect the rights of Hindu women reflects the extent of male apprehension generated by womens emancipation, whose right to work meant the d issolution of the public-private dichotomy needful for the maintenance of the family as a private sphere. This anxiety is further expatiate in terms of portraying Kinni as an uncared neglected kid, who returns to a home without the mother and feels lonely and alienated.Mahendranaths despair too needs to be identified not just in terms of the emotional crisis that he faces with the breakdown of familial relations and absence of mutual respect, but also the economic crisis which ultimately appears as the root of all problems. Mahendranath loses his position in family, when the roles of provider and receiver are changed, when economic equations of earner and acceptor are modify and redefined in terms of sex and gender.Their current poverty seems to be the result of typical-middle class lifestyle of living beyond ones means, and the search or identities only arises when existing identities run into conflict with changing economic denominations of labour division within the family its elf. Thus, Mahendranaths yearning for meaning in life has new economic arrangements within the familial space and turn out inability to solve the economic crisis, triggering it.Even Ashoks arrogance and refusal to look at to influential people, Dilip Kumar Basu feels can be analysed in the backdrop of1969 young person revolts in Paris, and things happening in our country. The young mans indifference to work is thus to be constructed as a larger question of youth rebellion and mobilisation, than just mere laziness and irresponsibility or a mere existentialist search for identity. Hence, in conclusion, it can be state that although Mohan RakeshsHalfway Housedeals extensively with the question of identity and meaning in life, to situate it solely in an Existentialist dimension and dish out it the distinction of being the primary concern of the play, would unfairly downplay many other socio-economic themes that the play encompasses.

Software Engineering

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING protrusion I mental home The goal of this makeup is to analyze somewhat triplet study(ip) packet proposals namely The London Ambulance dust The down-to-earth Case File The instinctive Baggage System By analyzing these softw be confuses and the packet engineering principles followed, the get a line factors responsible for the parcel ascertains failure kindle be understood. Each of these makes has failed woful as they didnt follow right(a) softw be engineering principles. In this term paper the next projects hold up got been studied and reason for their failures argon identified.Finall(a)y on that point is a comparison get through all the three packet projects studied. The methodology followed in writing this term paper is edition the following reference materials avail sufficient in the internet and extracting the key points for the failures of the package projects. The text bill referenced for writing the following term paper are 1. H. Goldstein. Who Killed the Virtual Case File? IEEE Spectrum, Sept. 2005, pp. 2435. 2. dictation of Glenn A. Fine, Inspector General, US Dept. of Justice, 27 July 2005. 3. A.Finkelstein and J. Dowell. A Comedy of Errors the London Ambulance operate Case Study. 4. Report of the motion into the London Ambulance Service (February 1993), by A. Finkelstein, 5. Richard de Neufville. The Baggage System at capital of Colorado Prospects and Lessons, Journal of mien 6. Barry Shore. Systematic Biases and Culture in show Failures, realize Management Journal CONCLUSION The conclusion afterwardwards studying these three papers, for any bundle projects the good principles of software package engineering should be followed. The software victimisation process should be mighty planned with achievable and possible deadlines. wholly the three projects had lamentable planning with unrealistic deadlines. Great sizeableness should be given to the unavoidablenesss gathering word form and it should non be compoundd during the inwardness of the development Developers should develop the projects with proper steganography standards so that there is no issue during the integration of different modules. Time life-sustaining projects should require critical and solid reasoning as well as good prospect of problems and perform risk guidance. The schedule of the software projects should go through good arrogate of season in testing the software product demonstrable. Finally, as uttermost as possible keep the complexity of the trunk to manageable levels and tested effectively. LONDON AMBULANCE strategy In October 1992 the Computer Aided Despatch (CAD) formation developed by Systems Options was deployed for the London Ambulance System (LAS). The goal of the software personatement was to automate the process of the ambulance service for the London Ambulance System (LAS) in the metropolis of London, United Kingdom.The implemented project was a major failure ingestable to variety of factors. The Each component of good state of the art has been ignored, for each one guideline of the Software engineering has ignored by the management and goernance neglected basic management principles. The work of the LAS potful be summarized as the organization gets request by phone calls and sends ambulance based on nature, accessibility of resources. The self-moving vehicle locating outline (AVLS) and mobile data terminals (MDT) was use to perform machine corresponding dialogue with ambulances. just about of the major reasons for the failure of the London ambulance dust trick be stated as The deadline given for the completion of the project was six months. The project of such big magnitude rout out non be perfect in spite of appearance a small deadline. The software was non all-encompassingy developed and partial. The individual modules were tested, but the software was not tested fully as a integrated corpse. The resili ence of the computer hardware under a full consignment condition had not been tested before the deployment of the software. The flash running over strategy was apply to implement the organization which was a full(prenominal) risk and overmuchover it didnt acquire any backup strategys to revert on failure. Inappropriate and unjustified assumptions were do during the specification process of the project. Some of the few assumptions that were do are ? Complete accuracy and reliability of the hardware clay. ? Perfect location and status information. ? Cooperation of all operators and ambulance crew members. deprivation of quotation with the future users of the ashes and subject national experts. The Software requirement specification was excessively prescriptive, incomplete and not formally signed off. The London Ambulance system of rules of rules underestimated the difficulties involved in the project during the project barb phase. Inadequate round training. The crew members were not fully trained on the operation of the immature software and their prior experience was not used in the impudently developed software. The Report of the Inquiry into the London Ambulance Service by Anthony Finkelstein overly gives us more information about the failure of the system. Some of the are listed below as follows It states that the CAD system implemented in 1992 was over ambitious and was developed and implemented against an impossible timetable. In addition, the LAS Committee got the victimize impression, that the software holdor had prior experience in emergency systems this was delusory in awarding the start out to systems options. discombobulate management throughout the development and implementation process was inadequate and at quantify ambiguous. A major project care this requires a full time, professional, experience project management which was lacking. The computer system did not fail in a technological sense, the increase in calls on October 26 and 27 1992 was due to unidentified duplicate calls and call backs from the public in response to ambulance delays. On quaternate November 1992 the system did fail. This was caused by a minor programming error that caused the system to crash. VIRTUAL CASE FILE SYSTEM The primary goal of the Virtual case file (VCF) system was to automate the process of FBI paper based work environment, allow agents and intelligence analysts to share vital fact-finding information, and replace the obsolete machine-driven Case Support (ACS) system.In ACS tremendous time is spend in processing paperwork, faxing and Fedexing standardized memo. Virtual case file (VCF) system was aimed at centralizing the IT operations and removes the redundancy present in various databases across the FBI system. In September 2000 the FBI Information technology advertize project was underway. It was divided into three snap offs. The Information Presentation Component The fare Ne twork Compone nt User Application Component The frontmost part involved distribution of new Dell computers, scanners, printers and servers.The second part would try secure wide area networks, allowing agents to share information with their supervisors and each other. The one-third part is the virtual case file. The Virtual Case File system project was awarded to a US government contractor, Science Applications supranational connection (SAIC). The FBI used cost plus award fee contracts. This project was of swell importance because the FBI lacked the ability to know what it knew there was no effective chemical mechanism for capturing or sharing its institutional knowledge. This project was initially led by former IBM Executive Bob E. Dies. On 3th December 2003, SAIC delivered the VCF to FBI, exclusively to have it declared dead on arrival. The major reasons for the failure of the VCF system can be summarized as The project lacked clearly defined schedules and proper deadlines, there was no formal project schedules outlined for the project and poor communication mingled with development teams that was dividing into eight teams to speed up the project completion. The software engineering principle of reusing the existing components was ignored. SAIC was developing a E stake like system even though FBI was already using an off the shelf software package. The deployment strategy followed in implementing the system was flash -cutover. It is a risky way a deploying a system as the system would be changed in a single shot. The project violated the first rule of software planning of keeping it simple. The requirement document was so exhaustive that rather of describing the function what it should perform it in addition stated how the functions should be implemented. Developers coded the module to make individuals features work but were not concerned about the integration of the whole system together. in that location was no coding standards followed and hence ther e was difficulty in the integration process. The business office requirement were poorly intentional and unplowed on constantly ever-changing through the development phase. The graduate(prenominal) level documents including the system architecture and system requirements were neither complete nor consistent. Lack of plan to guide hardware purchases, network deployments, and software development. Appointment of soulfulness with no prior experience in management to manage a critical project such as this was grave mistake, appointment of Depew as VCF project manager. Project lacked transparency in the work within the SAIC and between SAIC and the FBI. Infrastructure including both the hardware and network was not in place to test go badly the developed virtual case file system by SAIC which was essentially needed for flash cut off deployment. The requirement and form documentation were incomplete, imprecise, requirement and design tracings have gaps and the aliment of so ftware was costlier. According to the report by Harry Goldstein, there was 17 operational deficiencies in the deployed Virtual Case File System.It didnt have the ability to search for individuals by specialty and job title. All these preceding(prenominal) factors contributed to the failure of the Virtual Case File System which wasted a lot of public tax payers money. AUTOMATIC BAGGAGE SYSTEM The reflex(a) luggage system knowing for the capital of Colorado International Airport is a classic exemplar of a software failure system in the 1990s. With a greater aerodrome capacity, the city of Denver wanted to pass water the state of art automatic baggage handling system. Covering a land area of 140 square kilometer the Denver airdrome has 88 airport gates with 3 throngs.The fully automatise baggage system was unique in its complexity because of the massive size of the airport and its novel technology. The three other airports that have such systems are the San Francisco Interna tional Airport, International airport in Frankfurt and the Franz Joseph Strauss Airport in Munich. This project is far more complex than any other projects, because it has 12 quantify as many carts as in exiting comparable system . The contract for this automatic baggage system was given to BAE automated systems. In 1995 after many delays, the baggage system project was deployed, which was a major failure.The baggage carts derailed, luggage was torn and the system completely failed. nevertheless the system was redesigned with lesser complexity and opened 16 months later. GOALS OF THE PROJECT The system calls for transposition the handed-down slow conveyor claps with telecars that roll freely on underground tracks. It was designed to carry up to 70 bags per minute to and from baggage check-in and verification at speed up to 24 miles/hour. This would allow the airlines to receive go over baggage at their aircraft within 20 minutes. The automatic baggage system was a critical be cause the aircraft turnaround time was to be reduced to as circumstantial as 30 minutes.The faster turnaround time meant more quickly the operations and it increases the productivity. The installers are quoted has having planned a design that leave alone allow baggage to be transported anywhere within the terminal within 10 minutes. PROJECT SCOPE The International airport at Denver three concourses and initially it aimed at automating all the three concourses. But later the concourse B was alone designed to be made automatic. The project was later redefined to handle besides outward baggage. It does not escape with the transfer of bags. STAKE HOLDERSThe major stake holders in the project can be identified as The Denver International Airport Management. The BAE alter Systems. The Airline Management. The project crack according to Robertson & Robertson states that during this phase it has to identify all the stakeholders and ask their inputs for the requirements. In the ABS System the Airline Management was not made to involve in the blastoff meetings to provide their inputs and excluded from the discussions. As well as the risk should be analyzed properly during the blast off which was too a draw back in this system.This was a perfect example of failure to perform risk management. The cost estimation of the project was inaccurate as it exceeded the estimated cost during the development. So, Aspects in which the project blastoffs were not addressed can be summarized as follows The underestimation of complexity low stakeholder management Poor Design Failure to perform risk management There were solo three intense working session to discuss the scope of the project and the agreement between the airport management and BAE automated systems.Although BAE automated systems had been working in the construction of the baggage system in concourse B for United Airlines, the three working session is not sufficient to assimilate all the requirements for t he construction of the automate baggage systems. This shows clearly a poor software engineering principle because requirements are the key base factors for the project to be strengthened upon. Reports indicate that the two year deadline for the construction of the automatic baggage system is inadequate. The reports that showed that project required more than two days are as follows The complexity was too high for the system to be built successfully by The Baggage System at Denver Prospects and Lesson Dr. R. de Neufville Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol. 1,No. 4, Dec, pp. 229-236,1994 None of the bidders quoted to finish the project within two years. Experts from Munich airport advised that a much simpler system had taken two full years to complete and it was system tested thoroughly six months before the opening of the Munich airport. Despite all this information the finality to continue with a project was not based on the sound engineering principles.ABS REQUIREMENT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION The Automatic Baggage System constructed by the Airport Management was a decision taken two years before the opening of the new Denver International Airport. ab initio the concourse B meant for United Airlines was supposed to be constructed by the BAE Automated Systems and all other airlines had to construct their own baggage handling mechanism. later on the responsibility was taken by the Denver Airport Management to construct the Automatic Baggage System.The integrated nature of the ABS system meant that airport looks after its own facility and has a central assert. The BAE plan to construct for the concourse B was expanded to the other three concourses which was a major change in the strategy of the airport construction. Moreover the airport management believed that an automated baggage system would be more cost effective than manual of arms system given the size of the massive airport. During the development phase the requirements kept on changing wh ich added additional complexity to the project. Though in the contract there was learly statement no change in requirement would be accommodated, they accepted the changes to meet the stakeholder needs. For example the addition of the ski equipment racks and the addition of maintenance track to allow carts to be serviced without being removed from the rails and able to handle oversized baggage. The baggage system and the airport building dual-lane physical space and services such as the electrical supply. hence the designers of the physical building and the designers of the baggage system needed to work as one integrated team with lot of interdependency.Since the construction of the airport was started initially the building designers made general allowances in the place where they thought the baggage system would come into place. Hence the designers of the automatic baggage system have to work with the constraints that have already been placed. For example sharp turns were suppos ed to be made due to the constraints placed and these were one of the major factors for the bags to be ejected from the carts. The design of the automatic baggage system Systematic Biases and Culture in Project Failures, a Project Management Journal is as follows. Luggage was to be first loaded onto the conveyor belts, much as it is in stately baggage handling system. These conveyors would then deposit the luggage in the carts that were influenceled by computers. The luggage would travel at 17 miles per hour to its destinations, as much as one mile away. The automatic baggage system would allow around 4000 baggage carts travelling throughout the airport under the get word of 100 computers with processing power up to 1400 bags per minute. However the design with the above architecture failed as it was not able to handle variable load.It was also suffering from various problems they are identified as The software was displace carts out at the wrong times, causing jams and in many cases move carts to the wrong locations. The baggage system continued to unload bags even though they were jammed on the conveyor belt. The fully automated system may never be able to deliver bags consistently within the times and at the capacity originally promised. In another case the bags from the aircraft can only be unloaded and loaded into the unloading conveyor belt is moving, this belt moves only when there are empty carts.Empty carts will only arrive after they have deposited previous loads this is a rain shower of queues. Achieving high reliability also depends on the mechanical and the computers that controlled the baggage carts reliability. Errors may occur during meter reading or transmitting information about the destinations. There may be various scenarios during which these errors can take place. Some of them are listed as below. 1. The baggage handler may place the bag on the conveyor with the grade hidden. 2. The baggage may have two labels on it. one from the previous flight. 3. The labels may be mutilated or dirty. . The label may not lie in the direction of the view of the laser reader. 5. The laser may malfunction or the laser guns stop reading the labels. The reading of information is vital in the automatic baggage system since the whole system is dependent on the information transmitted from reading of the labels and this information must be transmitted by radio to devices on each of the baggage carts. There is no available evidence of effective alternative testing of the capability of the system to provide reliable legal transfer to all destinations under variable patterns of load.This variable demand made in the system is famously called as the line balancing problem. That is, it is crucial to control the capacity of the system so that all lines of flow have equilibrize service. This problem can be avoided by eliminating situations where some lines get little or no service, to avoid the possibility that some conne ctions simply do not function or in other words control the emptiness. This failure also was because the entire system was developed within a two year deadline and hence the automatic baggage system was not testing completely with variable loads.Lack of testing also is a major reason for this failure. These all are the major factors that led to the failure of the automatic baggage system in Denver international airport. Subsequently a much less complex system was design and implemented cardinal months later. This newly designed system had the following functionality as follows Serve only one concourse, the concourse B for United Airlines. Operate on half the planned capacity on each track. Handle only outbound baggage at the start. Not deal with transfer bags. COMPARISON OF ABS, VCF and LAS PROJECTS All the management teams of the three projects wanted the software system to be built quickly without taking into consideration of the system requirement. Hence all the system had unrealistic deadline to be met. Because of these unrealistic deadlines the system didnt follow proper software engineering standards and principles. In all the three projects during the project blastoff phase the requirements gathering activity was not proper and incomplete, due to which the requirements kept on changing during the development phase. Lack of consultation with the stake holders and prospective users. All the three projects Software requirement specification was excessively prescriptive, incomplete and not formally signed off. All the three systems were not properly tested before deployment due to lack of time and tight schedules. The timeline was not reasonable for any of the projects. There was poor communication between the developers, customers and the clients in all the projects. The identification of the stake holders and collecting requirements from the stake holders and subject matter experts was not proper and incomplete. ASPECTS ABS VCF LAS DEPLOYMEN T STRATEGY It was deployed in a single phaseFlash Cutover strategy was used inFlash Cutover strategy was used with a major failure of the replacing the ACS System in replacing the existing System system PROJECT SCHEDULE/DEADLINE Had a very(prenominal) tight schedule of two Over ambitious schedule Had a very tight deadline, two years to implement years(1990 1992) PROJECT intend Poor Planning, The system was Poor Planning and constantly Good applied science practice were decided to be developed two yearschanging milestones Ignored before the completion of the airport SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT judicial admission Kept on changing to meet the Slowly changing design On the fly code changes and needs of the stake holders requirements requirement changes PROJECT BLASTOFF There was only three intense The project blastoff phase didnt It left out the view of the session to collect the collect all the requirements customers and subject matter requirements which is i nadequate properly experts REUSABLITY This system didnt have any back They already had e-mail like The existing communication up system to reuse system which could have been devises in the ambulance system reused but new mail system was create verbally CODING/TESTING The system was not tested with The software system followed the Backup dispatch system not tested variable load spiral developmental model and notand the overall software not tested as a whole system tested SYSTEM DESIGN The system design was too complexThe system was not base lined and The System design was incomplete kept on changing BUGS System was unable to detect bugs 59 issues and sub issues were 81 Know Bugs in the Deployed identified System ASSUMPTIONS/ It was dependent on computers No major assumptions were made in Perfect location information and addiction that controlled the baggage cars this project dependent on the MDT communications PERSONAL notice After reading all the three projects I now guess that development of software not necessary has to be coding the software properly but there are various aspects apart from coding like requirement gathering, risk analysis, testing. The requirements gather should plays a vital role in software development and it has to be properly made in consultation with all the stakeholders, customers of the software. Understanding the complexity of the software being developed. fitting planning and schedule of events for the development activities. Deadlines for the software development should be realistic and achievable Use of any of the software engineering models for the development like waterfall model, Bohms spiral model, incremental work flow model or agile software development. Last but not the least the software developed should be thoroughly tested for finding out flaws in the development and fixing them. REFERENCES 1. H. Goldstein. Who Killed the Virtual Case File? IEEE Spectrum, Sept. 2005, pp. 2435. 2. Statement of Glenn A. Fine, Inspector General, US Dept. of Justice, 27 July 2005. 3. A. Finkelstein and J. Dowell. A Comedy of Errors the London Ambulance Service Case Study. Proc. 8th Int.Workshop on Software Specification and Design (IWSSD96), pp. 24, Velen, Germany, 1996. 4. Report of the Inquiry into the London Ambulance Service (February 1993), International Workshop on Software Specification and Design Case Study. Electronic Version fain by A. Finkelstein, with kind permission from the Communications Directorate, South West Thames regional Health Authority. 5. Richard de Neufville. The Baggage System at Denver Prospects and Lessons, Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol. 1, No. 4, Dec. 1994, pp. 229236. 6. Barry Shore. Systematic Biases and Culture in Project Failures, Project Management Journal, Vol. 39, No. 4, 2008, pp. 516.

Describing Gearing and Its Importance in Capital Structure of a Company

A comp any with piteous cogwheel is one that is mainly being funded or payd by packet peachy ( virtue) and reserves, whilst the one with a high gearing is mainly funded by loan outstanding. Now the question to address is which of the two ( candor and debt) is cheaper to the community? The come is that cost of debt is cheaper than cost of equity. This is because debt is less inquisitive than equity and the tax returns of debt over equity as discussed be poor Risk debt is less risky than equity because the require return needed to compensate the debt investors is less than the required return needed to compensate the equity investors the allowance of interest is a good deal a fixed amount and compulsory in nature and it is gainful in priority to the payment of dividends in the event of a liquidation, debt holders would overhear their great repayment out front shargonholders as they are higher in the creditor hierarchy (the order in which creditors get repaying), as fu nctionholders are paid out last. Corporate tax advantage in the income statement, interest (on debt) is subtracted before the tax is calculated thus, companies get tax relief on interest.However, dividends (on equity) are subtracted after the tax is calculated therefore, companies do not get any tax relief on dividends. From the above discussion, we can observe that debt is cheaper than equity when financing a caller. However, there are implications of pursing high gearing quite than low gearing. Watzon and Head (2007) described the following as implications of high gearing Increased volatility of equity returns the higher a high societys level of gearing, the more sensitive its profitability and earnings are to changes in interest rates.The companys profit and distributable earnings will be at risk from increases in the interest rate. This risk will be borne by stockholders as the company may have to reduce dividend payments in order to interpret its interest payment as they fa ll due. This mannequin of risk is referred to as financial risk. The more debt the company has in its smashing structure, the higher will be its financial risk. Increased possibility of nonstarter at very high levels of gearing, shareholders will start to face bankruptcy risk.This is defined as the risk of a company failing to meet its interest payments commitment and hence putting the company into liquidation. This is because interest payment may become unsustainable if profits decrease or interest payments on variable rate debt increase. Reduced credibility on the stock trade at a very high level of gearing, investors will be reluctant to buy the companys shares or to offer further debt. The encouragement of short-termist behaviour in order to prevent bankruptcy, managers may pore on the short-term need to meet interest payment instead than long term objective of wealth maximisation.Effects of capital gearing upon WACC, company value and shareholder wealth The capital stru cture of a company refers to the mixture of equity and debt pay used by the company to finance its assets. Some companies could be all-equity-financed and have no debt at all, whilst others could have low levels of equity and high levels of debt. The decision on what mixture of equity and debt capital to have is called the financing decision. The financing decision has a direct lay out on the weighted average cost of capital (WACC).The weighted-average cost of capital (WACC) represents the overall cost of capital for a company, incorporating the costs of equity, debt and preference share capital, weighted according to the proportion of each source of finance inwardly the business (Cornelius, 2002). The weightings are in proportion to the market values of equity and debt therefore, as the proportions of equity and debt vary so will the WACC. Therefore the graduation major point to understand is that, as a company changes its capital structure (i. . varies the mixture of equity a nd debt finance), it will automatically result in a change in its WACC. It is important to note that the financing decision (i. e. altering the capital structure) affects the overall objective of maximizing shareholder wealth. This is ground on the ground that wealth is the present value of future funds flows discounted at the investors required return. The market value of a company is equal to the present value of its future cash flows discounted by its WACC.It is entire to note that the lower the WACC, the higher the market value of the company, and vice versa. Therefore, a change in the capital structure to lower the WACC can indeed increase the market value of the company and thus increase shareholder wealth. As a result, the lookup for optimal capital structure becomes the search for the lowest WACC, because when the WACC is minimized, the value of the company and shareholder wealth is maximized. Hence, it is the responsibility of finance managers to find the optimal capit al structure that will result in the lowest WACC.

Poverty and Pollution Essay

Determine the ethical implications of business polluting in ternion orbit country. explicate your rationale. The Third arena refers to the poorer and undeveloped countries of the knowledge domain. Often, these countries confound exceedingly poor environsal situations. Countries in Latin America, Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia be the superlative victims of this environmental inequality. In addition to problems created by development and industrialization, poorer nations also produce environmental difficulties caused by poverty and war, among different causes. M whatsoever environmental problems line up in the Third World. Air befoulment, water taint, deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, and poisoning of the environment are among the largest of these. (pollution problems on threely world , 1999) The businesses that are polluting in a third world country are the businesses that think that because the third world countries are poor and under developed.They do not cede the travail that the U.S. does to prevent business from doing everything that they corporation to the environment, These countries are left with making conclusion on whether are not to eat are having clean environment. What do you think they are choosing to do? We approximatelytime take return of batch because of the situation they are in at the time. The Western countries take advantage of these Third World countries. They dump their trash and other insecure dispel into these Third World countries.The number 1 World companies will go into these countries and defecate plants, which will pollution the air, in Third World nations to not have to deal with the regulations that they would face at home. Some of the transnational corporations that produce hazardous chemicals look at as overly dangerous in the First World find an accept open market in the Third World. There, governments undersidenot fasten usage of these chemicals. They are trying to provide a way for its citizens to pee-pee a living. How can this be fair? How can these business bonk with themselves. What I have stated time and time again it unceasingly comes cover to funds.Suggest the reasons a business may conduct trading operations in a third world country and disregard either standards of pollution control. We see the pollution problem affecting the whole world. Industries are dismission overseas because the cost of labor is a lot cheaper. accordingly all they want to do is make a big sugar by paying little and acquiring quality goods and services. (pollution problems on third world , 1999)Industries dont criminal maintenance about the employees never the less about the environment. Laws and regulations a lot different in third world countries and there is a lot of corruption likewise with this been said if anyone complaints money is the closure. withal as I mention before countries of the Third World pare with population growth, poverty, famines, and wars, their residents are discovering the environmental effects of these problems, in the variant of increasing air, water, and land pollution.Industrialized nations often dump wastes in ontogeny countries where there is little or no environmental regulation, and governments may foregather considerable fees for accepting their garbage. And not only that some of this garbage can be hazards not only for the environment but to the individuals leave death to this dump sites this third world countries would accept garbage for money this is straining to believe. This industries move to third world countries because there is not pollution controlled laws. indeed industries are not allowed to manufacture of produce certain things their only filling is to move if they want to still be in business. (gale, 2005)It has been said that pollution is the price of progress. Assess the connection between economic progress and development, on the one hand, and pollution controls and environmental pro tection, on the other.The optimal level of pollution is supposed to be the level at which the costs to the company of clean up the pollution equal the cost of environmental scathe caused by that pollution. If the pollution charge is equivalent to the cost of environmental damage then the theory says that the company will clean up its pollution until any further incremental reduction in pollution would cost much than the remaining charge, that is until it is cheaper to pay the charge than reduce the pollution.This might seem to be less than optimal solutions to the community but economists argue that the polluter is bettor off than if it had paid to eliminate the pollution altogether and the community is no worse off because it is organism compensated by the firm for the damage through the payments to the government. In theory the payments made by firms in the work on of charges can be used to correct the environmental damage they cause. (beder, 1996) survive the argument that h uman beings have a moral right to a livable environment regardless of the country they live in. Every mortal in every community has the right to health, and to a safe and profound environment. Unfortunately, these rights are often not respected. Many people suffer from spartan health problems caused by a scarcity of basic necessities and an excess of bad substances. The most vulnerable people are those who have low location because of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, class, caste, poverty, or for other reasons. They usually suffer first, and worst. The struggle to live in a healthy, safe, productive, and enjoyable environment by communities whose rights are not salutary respected by people in power is sometimes called the struggle for environmental justice.As part of the human rights each human being has a moral right to life and to a livable environment. Also is not fair for these individuals from third world countries to suffer from more(prenominal) things theyre already struggling and then u have industries polluting their environment. Everyone should be able to have a good environment to live in. Also something that caught my assistance is the even though here in the United States of America we have good environment individuals dont not how to take care of it. For example people throwing garbage out their cars windows or disposing of chemicals in their back yard. This types of thing can cause damage to our environment.Take a vista on whether nations have an obligation to provide poorer nations with, or service of process them develop, greener industries and sources of energy. Explain your rationale. Although some of this nations are poor they can also be inscrutable because of natural resource for example oil, gold and expensive minerals. Many third world countries have been able to be successful because of natural resources. I think that if a nation is wealthy and individuals are happy, then it should help other nations because today for them and tomorrow for us. We never know when we are going to need someones help. Therefore it is not an obligation to other nations but its good to show support. The United States of America is cognise for helping others but I know there is incessantly an liaison or a agreement to repay the USA.Also increasingly, through globalization, many an(prenominal) countries have become dependent on each other. While some countries are endowed with better quality resources, others have to be meet with current resources. History has shown that the poorer countries are usually those more vulnerable to disasters (economically and socially) and are less equipped to overcome these disasters. Rich countries, therefore, are consistently required to support those poorer countries through international aid. However, the right type of aid is more important than the quantity of aid. Rich countries should invest in the human gravid of poor countries, provide defense against wars, and help develop the skills of the people quite of simply providing donations. There should be agreements and follow-ups on how the aid is being used. envision a plan for uniform global pollution control standards and how you would hold them. Its hard to say how something can be done about this the procedures and norms are in place now. I think pollution is always going to be an issue and its going to be too late when individuals try to help with the problem. The only thing I can suggest is to maybe have dump sites in out of lacuna and if the garbage tries to enter earth of other planet it would burn anyways. only to enforce new regulation its going to be a challenge hopefully they can come out with a solution soon. Industries are not going to stop producing thing while the enquire is high. And if we told inviduals that this is harmful for the earth that they need to stop they would just laughReferences taint problems on third world . (1999). Retrieved from http//library.thinkquest.org/26026/Econom ics/pollution_problems_in_the_thir.htmlBeder, S. (1996). charging the earth the promotion of price- base measures for pollution. Retrieved from http//www.herinst.org/sbeder/enveconomics/economics.html

A Perspective of Cultural Conflict in Classroom Essay

This paper draws from the understanding that pagan differences and imbalance has extensively repressed the passage of discipline as well as literacy education. This factor is discernible by the continual differential treatment of instructors on white and blackness youngsterren thus affecting the progress of colored children in literacy experiencement. Learning literacy compass the efforts employed by the instructor to help the child gravel class period and report skill in the second delivery.As such, this bear on dies inside the threshold of culture and is influenced by affable factors ranging from the belief of the instructor and the faculty of the children to literary skills. The evaluation of methods of literacy practice help in deigning validity and reli energy of the instruments of commandment apply in literacy acquirement and development amid cultural differences and conflicts reflects an gene that formu deeps an important factor in bunks where the t eacher and his beliefs as well as the literacy practice extensively leverages the varying degrees of the whole nomenclature.IntroductionLiteracy encyclopaedism and development is a pedagogical shot that begins long before children commence their formal education as well as formal teach instruction. During these years, children originate skills and knowledge that ar typified by literate conduct in a setting that is guided by socio-cultural manifestations. The whole process is influenced by a number of factors ranging from cultural implications, the beliefs of the teacher and the instruction methods for literacy practice.The teacher should emphasize on the development of literacy as a process that is ongoing, and through a schoolroom reading milieu. This means that for the efficiency of literacy acquisition development, either aspects of literacy must develop simultaneously, with the phraseology and literacy sharing similar features whence tout ensembleowe students to en counter a native hierarchy to the stages of development.Methods of Literacy PracticeThe complexity of literacy development rests on the pedestal of the childrens ability to effectively read and write in English as the formed literate culture. Delpit argues that our cultures and communities lay the basis on which differences in instructing children as they learn new language is evidenced (Delpit, 2006). This cultural bias and flunk presents a conflict which should be resolved by the teachers attempt to maximize the educational potential of children from colored racial background.The teacher and his belief about literacy development play a significant image in the entire process of literacy and language development. There is an interrelationship in the midst of literacy and language such that, the teacher should base his instruction on language which plays a key role in building the foundation for reading and not on the racial backgrounds.Accordingly, the teacher should usance th e method of immersion to enable children develop literacy by being surrounded by verbalise language. In so doing, children will not only learners to talk hardly will also encounter print language in charts labels and stories and an form library which enables students to read and write in areas of the print language.In addition, it is slick to note that as a teacher, it is vital to use a interoperable method of instruction that help children demonstrate the literacy skill being acquire in a context where the teacher uses good classroom charge to root out racial power imbalance that exist in classrooms. As such, this should be done both in classroom and after-school(prenominal) classroom situations. For example, Delpit contends that when people around children use language positively chargedly, things happen positively.Ideally, language, which the book binding of literacy, become part of life around children (Delpit,2006). This out of classroom situation means that a teacher should emphasis on the importance of language which is mirrored through books, literacy events and paper and thus children will learn the language at root, in town and in the villages where they are. In a classroom setting, demonstration of literacy skills should be enhanced by the teacher through framework where children learn the four skills of language such as reading skills, writing skills, speaking skills and listening skills throughout the day. In this way, children will acquire and develop literacy skills by observing purposeful literacy in a myriad of ways.Further more than, the teacher should advise parents to racyly expect their children to talk thus relieving the whole process the pressure and tension of literacy development from learning in an environment that is cultural conflict. The teacher works on helping the students to learn literacy skills by functional on these skills at appropriate levels.As a result, a teacher should provide children with enough materia ls that match their literacy levels and by catering for individualized differences a teacher sets the pace of developing literacy skills thus structuring the class with expectation of leaning. To illustrate, the ways by which people respond and react during a conversation influences the behavior of a child and usually non verbal expressions such as smiles, cuddles and separate remarks creates a verbal interaction that shapes the development of literacy.Therefore, acquiring and developing literacy skills does occur anywhere at stead, in groups, with relatives among others and this natural way should be used in helping the process of literacy acquisition and development. With the classroom, the teacher should create a collaborative learning environment where children have the opportunity to provide positive feedbacks to their peers which specifically is encouraging and constructive in terms of learning literacy skills.With date to this, little children should be engaged in learning whether at home or in school the teacher should help the children to aim at better speaking skills, reading skills, writing skills and listening skills at school in activities that help them to make sense of their acquired literacy knowledge and skills.Racial, class, ethnic and sex conflicts influence the quantity of literacy instruction in a racially interracial class. However, a teacher should influence children and parents from disfranchised cultural groups to develop measures of subverting disallow pressure dominant group. Delpit notes that the partnership environment as well as home leverages the literacy development of a child. As such, schools, homes, families and classroom are learning environments situated in the community.In this case, the out of class element extensively influences learning opportunities and gives a chance to take part in the process of literacy acquisition and development of their child (Delpit, 2006). Significantly, this narrows down to a cultural aspect in learning and impacts on the literacy development children acquire. For example, a child from a poverty stricken neighborhood encounters a disintegrated learning environment and owing to the fact they are likely to be face social delirious and behavioral conditions that are soused makes them develop non Standard English hence their literacy skills being interfered with.In addition, Delpit contends that the culture and environment directly relate to the ability of the child to develop wording skills and thus the literacy development at kindergarten should be well grammatical constructiond because it determines how the childs academic achievement varies in school and classroom.Childrens, socio behavioral, emotional self regulations are viewed within the precincts of cultural orientations and all these are influenced by homes, families, schools and society at large. On this ground, Delpit postulates that the development of a childs literacy skills should be allowed to take place at all times and in every place (Delpit, 2006).Accordingly, literacy is construed to be composite of alter dimensions that transcend the boundaries of classroom and society and this interplay strongly affect the learning opportunities that children are presented with both at home and in school. In light of this, at that place is considerable evidence that shows that proficient literacy obligate that children must have strong foundation in oral language an element that borders phonological and vocabulary skills as well as the overall language skills which is basically compulsive by the cultural orientations. This falls in the wider dimension of influencing how a child demonstrates opinionated and explicit ways of decoding, comprehending and writing language which is greatly squeeze by the cultural base of the child.Due to the cultural influence in learning language and literacy skills, the preschool experience forms an important factor in the acquisition and development o f literacy skills. Therefore, it has been speculated that achieving this learning element depends on the social economic spot of the childs family. Accordingly, children form less fortunate families begin their literacy levels late and without financial ability to buy literacy resource, many children from such backgrounds become literate very late.As such, the teacher should come to the aid of this group of children by working out a correlation that will improve home and classroom learning environment through what is inarguably called direct parent formulation and education. In essence, Delpit portends that parents from such economic thresholds should strongly embrace the concept of former(a) preschool interventions in a bid to socially and academically make a vital difference in the literacy acquisition and development of their children.Similarly, the classroom environment influences the belief and mindsets of a teacher in their literacy development instruction. In essence, the berth of the teacher over the children he is instruction posses a shared feature that is marked by a safe and orderly environment high expectations for the literacy achievement of the students, strong educational leadership, the amount of time given to literacy instruction classroom management and available methods of evaluations and book of instructions.Accordingly, a flexible and homogenous literacy skill provides a more successful effect on reading, speaking and writing thus making the instruction children receive in the class more substantially. However, in the event of a heterogeneous literacy skill, it becomes difficult as the teacher to have clear cut expectations on the literacy achievement thus his beliefs whitethorn not allow him to substantially provide instruction that enhances literacy awareness.For the most defenseless children in the black American community, the development of literacy skills is under certain patterned advance challenges such as underachievement but Delpit shows that the social and motional put forward offered by the teacher creates a climate that leads to the efficiency in building literacy levels of children from multicultural backgrounds.The classroom setting should provide a highly social, emotional support and the teacher should therefore come in with a n instructional support which will systematically a stronger child literacy development and social outcomes. Particularly, such learning environment become important for children from the back community because they are typical of social problems and during the development of literacy skills, they may exhibit abstemious social skills. The engagement of children in different learning environment helps boots their motivating to learn and this contributes to their literacy growth.ConclusionFrom the foregoing discussion, it is evident that the type and amount of literacy instructions that a teacher should give to children in classroom and the continuous learning of liter acy skills at home and in the society facilitates a constant and systematic literacy growth. Accordingly this involves a combination of methods that range from code focused strategies o holistic and meaning strategies prove to be the effective models of enhancing literacy development.Teachers therefore should use sustained interventions that range form intensive and balanced pedagogical aspects in literacy acquisition and development. Teachers therefore need to structure the instructional designs on the structure of the language and other social cultural elements that aids in the acquisition of literacy skills.ReferenceDelpit, L (2006) Other Peoples Children Cultural bout in Classroom. New York News press

How are social change and changes in knowledge linked?

It get out therefore proceed by discussing aspects of genial change in history, in particular how changes after the 2nd man war ch exclusivelyenged old and tralatitious systems of intimacy. In this banter this essay will digest on two prevalent systems of fellowship, treat and faith, and in what government get alongncy the changing role of women in hostelry has ch totallyenged these intimacy systems. With regard to godliness this essay will likewise discuss the development of novel age beliefs in todays company with relevance to the dubiousness is religion in radioactive decay? This essay will aim to use relevant examples in this discussion in order to reach a conclusion of the link amid well-disposed change and changes in noesis in our inn.So lets start up by answering the question what is experience?All friendship is produced, collected, collated and disseminated by human bes living in societies. (Goldblatt 2000). It is inherited by bureau of the la nguage we assume in our passing(a) cognises. We use some an(prenominal) different sources of experience in order to understand where weCome from, who we argon and the confederation in spite of appearance we live it shapes what we know and what we dont know.It is the social structures and institutions deep down society, which shape the content of knowledge systems, be it in practice of medicine, religion, the political ideologies and so on. They decide who holds the power in inwardly these knowledge systems. They determine, for example, who has access to specialized knowledge languages (like medical exam training) and who has socially pass and legal billet to realise pronouncements on a given subject.(Goldblatt 2000). deflection from specialized or quick knowledge there is also a different type of knowledge know as common aesthesis knowledge. This is knowledge, which we all inherit or learn from family and friends, or acquire through outside influences accessible to us such as media or the Internet. It helps us understand or gain resource knowledge on issues such as our health for example. It often comes in the shape of old wives tales, which wealthy person been passed down through generations.The dominant knowledge systems such as medicine religion and so on argon non fixed until now and when social change occurs, they are forced to respond to these changes, and in essence it is also knowledge that can then influence change in society and determine how we live our lives.Throughout history society has seen many radical changes within its dominant knowledge systems. Wehave witnessesed major advances in scientific research, medicine, changes in traditional religious beliefs and argufys to the dominant political ideologies, particularly pursuit the Second World War.One of the foremost debates today is whether or not there has been a decline in the aver of expert knowledge within all aspects of society. on that point have always been ex perts with specialized knowledge even in ancient periods. However years ago experts in their field be it perception, medicine or religion were always trusted their knowledge was respected and believed as true, scientists, doctors, priests and the like. Although they were never completely unchallenged the authority of their knowledge was secure. However it could be argued that at this time people had no way of acquiring the knowledge to know any different and had no reason to challenge the experts.In time however new discoveries in science, medicine, and with new communication technology evolving all the time in all aspects of society, allowed people much more access to alternative knowledge and information. With this new knowledge people began to ask questions and have their say regarding issues of importance to them. likewise new experts were emerging all the time to challenge old knowledge systems. Debates that were once confined to a small circle of influential figures and in stitutions within each of these traditions are now amplified throughthe enormously expanded means of communication that now exists (Goldblatt 2000)It could be jolly to argue then that it is not so much that there has been a decline in the trust of experts but that the old and traditional and trusted knowledge systems have effect more diverse due to the emerge of alternateforms of knowledge within society, for example, alternative medicine, new political ideologies and so on.Following the 2nd populace war feminism had a huge impact for women in all spheres of society. acquirement, medicine and religion, had generally been dominated by men throughout history. Women had been bewitching much excluded from all these dominant knowledge systems. It was men who held superior patriarchy power within all aspects of society. This allows us then to not single question and discuss gendered knowledge but to also visit at the interrelation between knowledge and power within these knowledg e systems.Lets look at the at a feminist approach adopted by Fox Keller, with relevance to womens place within medical science. She argues that knowledge mathematical product is gendered and shaped by patriarchy within social structures in society. advanced(a) science is based on a division of emotional and reason labour in which objectivity, reason and mind are cast as male and subjectivity, feeling and nature are cast as female. acquirement involves a radical separation of subject and object and ultimately the supremacy ofmind over nature. The result is a popular conception of science one that is more suited to men than women. (Fox Keller).An example of this is the Royal alliance founded by Charles II in1662. It was argued that the knowledge produced within this society was because of its gentlemanly origins. They maxim the importance of objective knowledge over subjective knowledge within the field of science and medicine. Womens knowledge at this time was devalued and re legated to crime syndicate medicine (Thompson and woodward 2000).It was due to the fact that women were excluded from higher education and therefore unable to see to it medical universities, hence were unable to enter the medical field without training. magnate over Knowledge was used to maintain a structure in which women were systematically excluded from a male medical monopoly (Thompson and Woodward) Today however, due largely to the emerge of feminism, women now have equality with men in the medical profession, and other dominant knowledge systems such as religion.As with medicine religion too was dominated by the patriarchy power within society. In fact it wasnt until 1992 that women were finally accepted into the priesthood.In contemporary society women have challenged the patriarchy of old and traditional religious beliefs in choose of new understanding of religion and what itmeans for them. Many women now focus on a more spiritual beliefs, one front consecrate to this is that of eco-feminism.Eco-feminism is a new term for an ancient wisdom. As women in unhomogeneous movements ecology, peace, feminist and especially health re observe the independence and connectedness of everything, they also discovered what was called spiritual dimension of life the realization of this interconnectedness was itself sometime called spiritualism.The desire to recover, to regenerate this wisdom as a means to eject women and nature from patriarchal destruction also motivated this turning towards spirituality.(Mies and Shiva, 1997, p,500).So it is fair to argue that due to social change brought about by the emerge of feminism women have challenged both gendered knowledge and the power of knowledge in medicine and religion.The rise of Eco-feminism however is just one of the many alternative or new age beliefs within religion today. Which begs the question of religion in contemporary society and whether it is in decline. Or could it be that as with the knowledge s ystem of medicine or expert knowledge in general, religion has become so diverse due to social change and the emerge of alternative religious beliefs brought about because of these changes.Religion has changed significantly throughout history. Following the emerge of the Royal Society and theintellectual movement throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, known as The Age of Reason, (Enlightenment), it was argued that Science replaced religion as the dominant source of knowledge(Woodward and Watt 2000)However religion has always played an important role for people within society due to the fact that unlike scientific knowledge it is religion, which helps us make sense of the moral issues that, can affect us in our daily lives.Social scientists debate into the question is religion in decline is known as the secularization thesis. Some argue that it is modernization, which is a threat to traditional religious thinking by citing new age beliefs as being responsible for this. Some argue that people now fill their time with other leisure activities instead. It is also argued that other forms of thought have interpreted over religion such as science for example. The fact also that the UK is now a multicultural society means there are many diverse forms of religion apart from the church of England.There are two main approaches in this debate positivist, whose approach is based on observing peoples behaviour toward religion. They use quantitative evidence such as questionnaires and surveys, which is argued may be limiting.The interpretative approach however would argue reality cannot be observed in the same way as objects. There aim is understand what religion or peoples beliefs mean to them and aim to look for those meanings from different perspectives.It can be argued that religion in contemporary society has become a significantly diverse knowledge system. Ethnic beliefs, womens challenge to patriarchal religion and the emerge of new age beliefs, be it alternative medicine or green issues have meant that the traditional Church of England the dominant form of religion any more.So in conclusion then this essay began by defining what is knowledge. It then proceeded by questioning expert knowledge with regard to social change. It then focused on two dominant knowledge systems medicine and religion and discussed how the emerge of feminism challenged the knowledge systems. Lastly it discussed briefly the role of religion in contemporary society and questioned whether it is in decline and the relevance of womens, ethnic and new age beliefs. It is fair to argue that the discussion in this essay does conclude that there is a significant link, not only between social change and knowledge but knowledge and social change.

Japan Net Bank Case Analysis Essay

The edgeing commercialize, especially earnings-only situate sector, in lacquer was going by a period of rapid growth after the Nipp unmatchablese brass initiated the famous Big Bang deregulation of the pecuniary market. JNB, which began operation in October 2000, aimed at winning one one thousand million accounts and one million long deposits and becoming profitable by the pecuniary year 2002. However, in run to achieve that long- call success, it required to resolved a number of issues and alter its hawkish position in face of stiff competition from brick-and-mortar vernaculars and naked earnings-only brinks.Therefore, this report foc us seasons on the fol depresseding three issues An assessment of the present accompaniment in lacquer regarding the Internet-only model of retail banking, An analysis of JNBs agonistical advantages, Recommendations of what conglutination strategies to break-dance to overcome competition from traditional and new(prenominal) on fold banks. The selective information in this report was collected by assessing the information of the case Japan Net posit Japan First Internet-only depone by Vincent endeavor and Pauline Ng under the supervision of Dr. AH F.Farhoomand and surveying relevant materials from the Internet. I have divided my report into three main sections. Firstly, we would assess the latent for Internet-only model of retail banking in Japan. Secondly, we present and analyze JNBs competitive advantages meticulously in this particular Nipponese market. Finally, we would suggest some viable propositions of what alliance strategies that JNB should develop to surpass and obtain the market leader. Internet banking in Japan. 4 Conservative consumer banking behavior 5 Low level of estimator address measure usageJapan did not use credit card game a great deal. By 2001, credit card purchases accounted for just 8 per cent of consumer spending in Japan, compared with 14 percent in europium and 21 percent in the US (The Economist, 2001). Borrowing was considered shameful in a culture much(prenominal) bound by traditional concept, so paying by credit card in public could be an embarrassment. In many cases, credit card users could only repay in one-go or in frozen(p) installments. Therefore, such the culture preferred repaying card debt s in one-go quickly if they could afford it.Card companies lack of full marketing accentuated the problem although there were schemes involving credit cards points, nodes could only use their points to redeem low-quality gifts. In contrast, the consumer loan market in Japan was doing much better since it was worth 7 trillion yen by earlyish 2001, double the market size of credit card. 6 The availability of atms for cash in withdrawals Japanese consumers generally preferred to pay by cash or money transmits. A survey conducted in summer 2000 asked respondents which Internet bank they would deposit their money in.The 3,825 respondents wer e mostly in their 20s and 30s. Figure 1 illustrates the results the attracter of the online banks in Japan in 2000. pic The pie chart illustrates that the success of a Japanese bank relied heavily on its ATM go. Determinant complicated whether the ATMs were handily located, whether they charged a small or no handling fee, whether they were open air for long hours, etc. That leads to the wide distributions of ATMs go in Japan. We could recognize that the print equity in addition played an important role to attract the nodes. 7 Internet usage in JapanOn-line banking with limited services-as an attachment of traditional banking-was already available in Japan in 1997 with Sumitomo cuss. The entire number of Internet accounts at major commercial banks reached 1. 4 million at that time. According to a Nielsen/NetRatings report, the Internet population in Japan was some 38 million in January 2001, and 41% of them were active users. However, a study by Yankee Group in early 2001 put off that some 20% of all Japanese households had a fixed line Internet connection at the end of 2000, less than the 50% Internet penetration in the US.Low penetration of fixed line Internet connections had driven a lot of people to use i-mode, which could hail only about several hundred yens a month. I-mode was a cellular Internet service offered by NTT DoCoMo, allowing emails and other Internet functions to be carried out via handsets. It had more(prenominal) than 22 million subscribers by April 2001. In fact, i-mode becomes so commonplace that Miyai, director of JNB, once said Internet banking is really cellular banking in Japan. 8 The competitive situation Competition from traditional banks JNB hitherto had to face stiff competition with well-kn sustain bricks-and-mortar banks in a crowed banking market even though it was considered as the Japans offset Internet bank without physical branches. chamfering habits and conservative consumer culture in Japan further tradi tional banks to gain competitive advantage in the market. Furthermore, traditional banks were do their services more convenient by installing more and more ATMs and providing a variety of value-added financial services.The most primary factors which make JNBs competitors pay attention to JNB seemed to be lower overheads, competitive rates, lower fees and blotto alliance backing. 10 Competition from domestic Internet banks Sony Bank JNB also had to compete with new entrants that provided similar services, maven of those competitors was Sony Bank, an Internet-only bank with 37. 5 one thousand million capital investment evaluate to start operation in mid-June 2001. Sony Banks strategy was similar to that of JNB in terms of higher stake rates, lower fees, a small workforce and no physical branches.In particular, the new banks management stressed customized, one-to-one services. Sony bank took advantage of its strategic stakeholders to deliver high-quality services to consumer. For example, guests of Sony Banks could use SMBCs ATMs at am/pm convenience store chain as connexion point, or J. P. Morgan Chase, one of its important stakeholders, would provide personal financial advice through with(predicate) the Web or Sony Bank obviously benefited from the Sony Empire by utilizing Sony Banks settlement service to purchase Sony products online. IY BankAnother Internet-only bank to enter the fray was IY bank, whose internet was predominantly a sprawling ATM network although Internet-based proceedings would also be possible. It was expect to install round the clock ATMs in 3659s Ito-Yokado supermarkets and Seven-Eleven convenient stores within two years of operation. It had already get together up with a combined network of nine city banks, including one of the Japans largest commercial banks Sanwa, and charged cathexis whenever a customer of another bank in the network withdrew money from an IY Bank ATM.IY Bank intended to be settlement-foc utilize and would develop loan and card business and Internet-based services later. IY Bank planned to install 24-hour ATMs at 3650 stores under the group by spring 2002 and at 7150 stores within five years of operation. Its target seemed to be practical since it could take advantage of the Ito-Yokado groups existing customer base, which is 10 million customers per day, and its low- approach operation. 1 Competition from international Internet banks Another Internet-only bank, called eBank, was expected to start operation in June 2001.It would specialize in the settlement of payments for small-value online purchases worth up to 100,000 yens and would charge a lower commission than ordinary bank. eBANK was operate by Japan Electronics Settlement Planning Inc and invested by Japan Telecom, Yamato Transport and Ericsson Holding International. Its capital was about US$37 million. Japan Net Banks competitive advantages JBN, one of the bone marrow Internet businesses of parent companionship SMBC, aimed to build up its independent, own nock name and aspired to become the de facto standard of the Japanese-style Internet Specialized Bank for twenty-first Centurys Internet community.Therefore, the bank adopted the customer-centric principle in earnest in order to survive and develop. JNB diverseiated its financial products and services from those of its competitors by its distinguished characteristics 3 24/7 availability JNB customers enjoyed seamless financial functions and 24/7 accessibility to their accounts through the Internet. They could carry out feats or check their accounts through multiple access impart, including physical convey (ATMs or the Head Office) and mobile internet service (i-mode). The interfaces were designed to be very user-friendly.Moreover, JNB began to diversify into services other than basic bank transactions such as ordinary and term deposits. For example, it allowed on-line payment for bills and services of Tokyo Electric Power, Nomura Securities and Nifty Corp. s on-line shopping mall. 4 Competitive interest rate JNB offered attractive interest rates and fees compared with constituted Japanese banks see Exhibit 3. Its deposit interest rates were more than twice that of the average rates offered by major Japanese banks, and its charges for fund transfer were less than half those of conventional banks. Customized services Every customer had his/her own specific information page on the Web. Customers would receive e-mail notifications of transaction details such as receipt of fund transfers, expiration of term deposits, errors in automatic account debits, etc. 6 Confidentiality of usage The confidentiality of JNB customers hidden information was strictly secured private information could not be used without customers agreement. Information transferred through the network was encrypted by 128-bit SSL (Secure Sockets Layer).The database and servers storing JNB customers information were protected by a firewall and an access-surv eillance form. All Internet banking transactions could not be bear upon without a password. Moreover, the last login date and time was always indicated at every(prenominal) login to a JNB account, so customers would know whether their accounts had been accessed illegally. 7 Flexible organization and IT system JNB maintained a flexible, flat, and team-like structure which had a very low cost base. Its management style was different from the top-down approach of traditional Japanese corporations.Its structure allowed for the contingency between different departments in the organization to line up and solve problems. JNB also adopted a flexible, open information engine room system which is divided systematically and functionally. The building of JNBs IT application was quite innovative since it is mostly outsourced under the supervision of IT Department staff. Strategic alliances to develop In the face of fierce competition, JNB had the advantage of strong, broad, strategically i mportant and multi-industry alliances.An hold strategic alliance would increase its revenues and market share. The advantages of strategic alliance include Allowing each partner to concentrate on activities that best match their capabilities. encyclopedism from partners and developing competences that may be more widely exploited elsewhere Adequacy a suitability of the resources and competencies of an organization for it to survive. 9 Shareholder alliance JNB has been forming alliances and partnerships with many blue-chip corporations possessing huge customer bases.Since JNB could acquire customers through its stockholder alliances, it had relatively low reliance on mass-media marketing and therefore had low marketing budget. In next five years, it should continue diversifying its alliances from different sectors of thrift to broaden its business and utilize its alliances customer base. For instance, JNB expertness negotiate with ORIX Corporation RIX, one of the Japans larges t leasing and diversified financial services conglomerate, to obtain equity strategic alliance.This alliance will change the company to capture a larger share of the Japanese consumer finance market, and make consumer finance operations more efficient and responsive to the financing needs of creditworthy consumers. 10 Global strategic alliances SMBC, as a major stakeholder of JNB, signed a memorandum of mutual understanding (MOMU) on a strategic partnership with The Bank of East Asia (BEA) to co-develop their business potentials in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Japan and other countries. In China, SMBC established a wholly possess subsidiary, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (China) Limited, in April 2009.SMBC has formed alliances with Kookmin Bank in Korea, First commercial message Bank in Taiwan, The Bank of East Asia in Hong Kong, PT Bank Central Asia Tbk (BCA) in Indonesia and other Asian banks. With Barclays, a major British financial institution, the company is exploring ve nues of cooperation in wealth management, operations in southern Africa and other business fields. JNB should take of advantage of this opportunity to establish its human relationship with these foreign banks to market and expand its business to international. These strategic alliances would enable the company to expand its market hare and generate incremental revenues. 11 Non-shareholding alliances aging population in Japan likely to increase demand for damages and subvention products The Japanese population is ageing fast. The 65 and over age group as a percentage of total population is expected to increase from an estimated 21% in 2005 to 35. 7% in 2050. Moreover pension assets under management in the Asia Pacific region are expected to grow from current E1, 100 billion to E2, 900 billion in 2015. maturation population in Japan would boost demand for the pension products of the company.The bank should cooperate and offer pension plans services, through Japan Pension sailin g master Company to gain a certain advantage. Discerning that changing demographic profile of Japan profoundly therefore would increase demand for JNBs business. Conclusion Japan Net Bank (JNB), Japans first Internet bank without physical branches, began operation in October 2000. It attracted mainly adolescent customers looking for convenient, round-the-clock bank services with much more competitive interest rates and transaction charges than traditional Japanese banks.Its access channels included the mobile Internet service i-mode and fixed-line Internet. JNB relied on flexible, open computer systems and a young workforce of only 100 people to defame operational costs. Its stakeholders, including parent company Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (SMBC) and NTT DoCoMo (provider of i-mode), were all large companies from different industry sectors. This stakeholder base gave JNB market exposure and access to their established customer bases. By April 2001 JNB had 130,000 customers .It aimed at winning one million accounts and ? 1 trillion deposits and becoming profitable by the financial year 2002. But it needed to resolve a number of issues before it were able to achieve semipermanent success in the face of strong competition from bricks-and-mortar banks and new Internet-only banks. One of crucial issues was about how to meet with wide fluctuations in usage without over-investing the other was alliance management, how to co-operate with alliance partners to achieve competitive advantage.